Timeline 1800-1859 African American History and Women

[Previous] [Next] 1800 1801 1802 †¢ Ohio Constitution adopted, outlawing slavery and prohibiting free blacks from voting †¢ James Callendar accused Thomas Jefferson of keeping as his concubine, one of his own slaves -- Sally Hemings. The accusation was first published in the Richmond Recorder. †¢ (February 11) Lydia Maria Child born (abolitionist, writer) 1803 †¢ (September 3) Prudence Crandall born (educator) 1804 †¢ (January 5) Ohio passed black laws restricting rights of free blacks 1805 †¢ Angelina Emily Grimke Weld born (abolitionist, womens rights proponent, sister of Sarah Moore Grimke) 1806 †¢ (July 25) Maria Weston Chapman born (abolitionist) †¢Ã‚  (September 9)  Sarah Mapps Douglass  born (abolitionist, educator) 1807 †¢ New Jersey passes legislation restricts the right to vote to  free, white, male citizens, removing the vote from all African Americans and women, some of whom had voted before the change 1808 †¢ (January 1) importing slaves to the United States became illegal; about 250,000 more Africans were imported as slaves to the United States after slave imports became illegal 1809 †¢ New York began recognizing marriages of African Americans †¢ African Female Benevolent Society of Newport, Rhode Island, founded †¢ Fanny Kemble born (wrote about slavery) 1810 †¢ The Congress bans employment by the U.S. Postal Service of any African Americans 1811 †¢ (June 14) Harriet Beecher Stowe born (writer, author of Uncle Toms Cabin) 1812 †¢ Boston incorporates African American schools into the citys public school system 1813 1814 1815 †¢ (November 12) Elizabeth Cady Stanton born (antislavery and womens rights activist) 1816 1817 1818 †¢ Lucy Stone born (editor, abolitionist, womens rights advocate) 1819 1820 †¢ (about 1820) Harriet Tubman born a slave in Maryland (Underground Railroad conductor, abolitionist, womens rights advocate, soldier, spy, lecturer) †¢ (February 15) Susan B. Anthony born (reformer, abolitionist, womens rights advocate, lecturer) 1821 †¢ New York state abolishes property qualifications for white male voters but keeps such qualifications for African American male voters; women are not included in the franchise †¢ Missouri removes the right to vote from African Americans 1822 †¢ Rhode Island removes the right to vote from African Americans 1823 †¢ (October 9) Mary Ann Shadd Cary born (journalist, teacher, abolitionist, activist) 1824 1825 †¢ Frances Wright purchased land near Memphis and founded Nashoba plantation, buying slaves who would work to buy their freedom, become educated, and then when free move outside the United States †¢ (September 24) Frances Ellen Watkins Harper born in Maryland to free black parents (writer, abolitionist) 1826 †¢ Sarah Parker Remond born (anti-slavery lecturer whose British lectures probably helped keep the British from entering the American Civil War on the side of the Confederacy) 1827 †¢ New York State abolishes slavery 1828 1829 †¢ (1829-1830) when Frances Wrights Nashoba plantation project failed, amid scandal, Wright took the remaining slaves to freedom in Haiti †¢ race riots in Cincinnati resulted in more than half the African Americans in the city being forced out of town †¢ the first permanent order of African American Catholic nuns is founded, the Oblate Sisters of Providence, in Maryland 1830 1831 †¢ (September) men and women of the slave ship Amistad demand that the US recognize their freedom †¢ (-1861) Underground Railroad helped thousands of African American men, women, and children to freedom in the Northern states and Canada †¢ Jarena Lee publishes her autobiography, the first by an African American woman †¢ North Carolina bans the teaching of any slaves to read and write †¢ Alabama bans preaching by any African Americans, free or enslaved 1832 †¢Ã‚  Maria W. Stewart  begins series of four public lectures on religion and justice, advocating for racial equality, racial unity and standing up for rights among African Americans. †¢ Female Anti-Slavery Society was founded in Salem, Massachusetts, by and for African American women †¢ Oberlin College founded in Ohio, admitting women and African Americans as students along with white men 1833 †¢Ã‚  Lydia Maria Child  published  An Appeal in Favor of the Class of Americans Called Africans †¢ American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) founded, with four women attending,  Lucretia Mott  spoke †¢Ã‚  Lucretia Mott  and others founded the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society †¢ Oberlin Collegiate Institute opened, the first coeducational college and the first to accept African American students (later renamed Oberlin College) †¢Ã‚  Sarah Mapps Douglass  founded a school for African American girls in Philadelphia †¢ in Connecticut, Prudence Crandall admitted an African American student to her girls school, reacted to disapproval by dismissing the white students in February and, in April, reopened it as a school for African American Girls †¢ (May 24) Connecticut passed a law forbidding the enrollment of black students from outside the state without the permission of the local legislature, under which Prudence Crandall was jailed for one night †¢ (August 23) Prudence Crandalls trial began (see May 24). The defense used a constitutionality argument that free African Americans had rights in all states. The judgment went against Crandall (July 1834) but the Connecticut Supreme Court reversed the lower courts decision, though not on Constitutional grounds. 1834 †¢ (September 10) Prudence Crandall closed her school for African American girls in the face of harassment †¢ Maria Weston Chapman began her work as an abolitionist -- shes known for her work with the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society †¢ New York absorbs African American schools into the public school system †¢ South Carolina bans teaching any African Americans in the state, free or enslaved 1835 1836 †¢ Angelina Grimkà © published her antislavery letter, Appeal to the Christian Women of the South and her sister  Sarah Moore Grimkà ©Ã‚  published her anti-slavery letter, Epistle to the Clergy of the Southern States †¢Ã‚  Lydia Maria Child  published her  Anti-Slavery Catechism †¢ Maria Weston Chapman published  Songs of the Free, and Hymns of Christian Freedom †¢ (-1840) Maria Weston Chapman edited the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society annual reports, titled  Right and Wrong in Boston †¢ Fannie Jackson Coppin born (educator) 1837 †¢ William Lloyd Garrison and others won the right of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society, and for the Grimke sisters and other women to speak to mixed (male and female) audiences †¢ Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women held in New York †¢Ã‚  Angelina Grimke  published her Appeal to the Women of the Nominally Free States †¢Ã‚  Charlotte Forten  born (educator, diarist) 1838 †¢ Angelina Grimke spoke to the Massachusetts legislature, the first woman to address an American legislature †¢ Grimke sisters published  American Slavery as It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses †¢Ã‚  Helen Pitts  born (later, the second wife of Frederick Douglass)   †¢ (and 1839) Philadelphia Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women met in Philadelphia 1839 †¢ (-1846) Maria Weston Chapman published  Liberty Bell †¢ (-1842) Maria Weston Chapman helped edit  The Liberator  and  Non-Resistant, abolitionist publications †¢ women permitted to vote for the first time at an annual convention of the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) 1840 †¢Ã‚  Lucretia Mott,  Lydia Maria Child, and Maria Weston Chapman were the executive committee of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society †¢ World Anti-Slavery Convention in London would not seat women or allow them to speak;  Lucretia Mott  and  Elizabeth Cady Stanton  met over this issue and their reaction led directly to organizing, in 1848, the first womans rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York †¢ Abby Kelleys new leadership role in the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) led some members to secede over womens participation †¢ (-1844)  Lydia Maria Child  and David Child edited  Anti-Slavery Standard 1841 1842 †¢ Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin born (journalist, activist, lecturer) †¢ Maria Weston Chapman organized the Anti-Slavery Fair in Boston 1843 †¢Ã‚  Sojourner Truth  began her abolitionist work, changing her name from Isabella Van Wagener †¢ or 1845 (July 4 or 14)  Edmonia Lewis  born 1844 †¢ Maria Chapman became an editor on  National Anti-Slavery Standard †¢ Edmonia Highgate born (fundraiser, after the Civil War, for the Freedmans Association and the American Missionary Society, for educating freed slaves) 1845 †¢ or 1843 (July 4 or 14)  Edmonia Lewis  born 1846 †¢ Rebecca Cole born (second African American woman to graduate from medical school, worked with  Elizabeth Blackwell  in New York) 1847 1848 †¢ (July 19-20) Womans Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York, included among its attendees Frederick Douglass and other male and female antislavery activists; 68 women and 32 men signed the  Declaration of Sentiments †¢ (July)  Harriet Tubman  escaped from slavery, returning repeatedly to free more than 300 slaves 1849 1850 †¢ (around 1850) Johanna July born (cowgirl) †¢ Fugitive Slave Act passed by Congress †¢ (January 13)  Charlotte Ray  born (first African American woman lawyer in the United States and the first woman admitted to the bar in the District of Columbia) †¢Ã‚  Hallie Quinn Brown  born (educator, lecturer, clubwoman, reformer, Harlem Renaissance figure) †¢Ã‚  Mary Ann Shadd  and her family, free blacks, moved to Canada to avoid capture and enslavement under new US policies and laws †¢ Lucy Stanton graduated from Oberlin Collegiate Institute (now Oberlin College), the fist African American woman to graduate from college †¢ (1850-1852)  Uncle Toms Cabin  by  Harriet Beecher Stowe  ran as a serial in  National Era 1851 †¢Ã‚  Sojourner Truth  gave her Aint I A Woman speech to a womens rights convention in Akron, Ohio, in reaction to male hecklers †¢Ã‚  Harriet Tubman  made her first trip back to the South to help members of her family to freedom; she made a total of 19 trips back to help slaves escape 1852 †¢ (March 20)  Uncle Toms Cabin  by  Harriet Beecher Stowe  published, in book form, in Boston, selling more than 300,000 copies the first year -- the books success in highlighting the evils of slavery prompted Abraham Lincoln later to say of Stowe, So this is the little lady who made this great war. †¢ Frances Wright died (writer about slavery) 1853 †¢ Mary Ann Shadd Cary began publishing a weekly,  The Provincial Freeman,  from her exile in Canada †¢ Sarah Parker Remond tried to integrate a Boston theater and was hurt when a policeman pushed her. She sued the officer and won a $500 judgment. †¢ Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield appeared at the Metropolitan Opera, New York, and later that year performed before Queen Victoria 1854 †¢Ã‚  Francis Ellen Watkins Harper  published  Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects  which included an anti-slavery poem, Bury Me in a Free Land †¢ Katy Ferguson died (educator; ran school in New York City for poor children) †¢Ã‚  Sarah Emlen Cresson and John Miller Dickey, a married couple, found Ashmun Institute, to educate African American men; this later becomes Lincoln University 1855 †¢ Maria Weston Chapman published  How Can I Help to Abolish Slavery 1856 †¢ Sarah Parker Remond hired as a lecturer for the American Anti-Slavery Society 1857 †¢ Dred Scott decision of the Supreme Court declared that African Americans were not US citizens 1859 †¢Ã‚  Our Nig; Or Sketches from the Life of a Free Black  by Harriet Wilson published, the first novel by an African American †¢ (June) Sarah Parker Remond began lecturing in England, Scotland, and Ireland for the American Anti-Slavery Society. Her lectures on slavery probably helped keep the British from actively entering the American Civil War on the side of the Confederacy. †¢ (October 26)  Lydia Maria Child  wrote to Governor Wise of Virginia, regretting the action of John Brown but asking for admission to nurse the prisoner. Published in the newspaper, this led to a correspondence that was also published. †¢ (December 17)  Lydia Maria Childs response to a Mrs. Mason, who had defended the Souths caring attitude towards slaves, included the famous line, I have never known an instance where the pangs of maternity did not meet with requisite assistance; and here at the North, after we have helped the mothers, we do not sell the babies. [Previous] [Next] [1492-1699] [1700-1799] [1800-1859] [1860-1869] [1870-1899] [1900-1919] [1920-1929] [1930-1939] [1940-1949] [1950-1959] [1960-1969] [1970-1979] [1980-1989] [1990-1999] [2000-]

Analysis of the Arab Spring Essay - 2303 Words

In late 2010, a Tunisian named Bouazizi set himself on fire in protest against the poor economic situation in which he was living (CNN, 2011). Other Tunisians soon took the opportunity to resist their government and possible overthrow the leadership of Ben Ali. They took it as their responsibility to fight for the common good. Simple demonstration against the Tunisian government soon went ahead to an extent that Ben Ali had to leave the country. The events that followed the departures of the Tunisian president were the least expected. The revolts in Tunisia spurred citizens of other Arab nations to revolt against their governments. By the end of the years 2011, the Arab spring had claimed the presidency of three long serving presidents and†¦show more content†¦Before them was a whole generation of limited opportunities and deprived rights. Their calls for reforms were, however, hampered by the police and security agencies. Most individuals who were involved in the protests were led by the belief that it was through the protests that they could better their lives. The majority of the Egyptian citizens have felt down, trodden and despised over the recent years by their governments. Most governments were revolts were witnessed had stayed in power for a long period of time. In Egypt, for example, Mubarak had stayed in power for more than 40 years. Removing him from powered through democratic means had borne no fruits since most presidential elections had been marred by instances or rigging and corruption. He had therefore instituted himself as a president for life. One aspect of Mubarak’s governments was that it was dictatorial. Besides, the people surrounding Mubarak were so powerful that talking negatively about the president could easily lead an individual into trouble. The government of Mubarak initiated several techniques aimed at restoring normalcy and preventing protests. 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Assignment Of Comparing Market Structure - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: 1. a) Explain what barriers to entry mean. b) Give three examples of barriers to entry and explain how they act as barriers to entry. 2. Compare the market structures of Perfect Competition, Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly under the following headings (About 250 words). number of firms in the market similarity of the products sold barriers to entry 3. Explain the term Non-price competition and which two market structures experience it the most. 4. State which market structure you think each of the following businesses belong to. Explain your choice. Answer: Answer 1 a) Barriers to entry refer to various obstacles new firms face from entering into market of a new business or industry. This might be due to existent of monopoly competition or higher start up cost. b) Common barriers to entry operating in market economy are: Government Regulation: When government regulates output of certain sector such as defense, it is not possible for new firm to enter into production. Higher start up cost or fixed cost: Most common problem faced by new entrants is the higher cost of starting up the production that stops them. Tax benefits to existing firm: Lower tax rate on existent firms creates differences in the production cost as the new firm happens to incur higher cost due to no tax benefit implied on it. Answer 2 Perfect Competition: It is a type of market that has enormous buyers and sellers operating in the market. Number of firms is infinitely many. This makes the firms price taker and every agent has complete information of the market price (Foster, 2014). The products sold in such market are absolutely similar or homogenous and can act as perfect substitute of each other. Consumers as well as producers are rational in their choice and decision-making. There exists no barrier to entry or ext the industry under such market. Monopoly Competition: Here only one seller is ruling the market supply amidst the existence of large number of buyers. One seller hence there is no difference in the features sells the products. Monopolists are the sole price taker. Barrier to entry is higher in monopoly markets. Monopolistic Competition: Number of sellers are few compared to only one monopolist in the monopoly market. Many sellers make the market supply with low market power but their products are differentiated (Nikaido, 2015). The products are not perfect substitute of each other making the competition imperfect. Few barriers to entry and exit are present in the short run and over long run, they vanishes. Oligopolistic Competition: Handful number of seller dominates the market supply. They can form cartels or collusion and act as single price take and enjoying market power like a monopolist. Products sold can be homogenous or differentiated (Scitovsky, 2013). Barriers to entry or exit are high in such market mostly because of government regulation like licensing or presence of economies of scale. Answer 3 Non-price completion refers to the competition based on the other factors of the product produced in specific market other than price. It can be attributes or features of the product, advertisement cost undertaken by the producers or any customer service related dimensions. Monopolistic competition and Oligopolistic competition are the two markets where non-price competition is visible. Answer 4 Coles Supermarket in your city Oligopoly market since Coles is one of the two market share holder of the Australian grocery market business along with Woolworth. McDonalds Restaurant in your city Oligopoly market since it is one of the biggest burger seller besides KFC and Burger King both domestically and internationally. Metro Trains in Melbourne and Sydney Trains Oligopoly market since the metro trains are run by the joint venture among MTR Corporation(60%),John Holland Group(20%) andUGL Rail(20%). It is a form of cartel taking place in oligopolistic market. National Australia Bank- Monopoly market since government is the only owner of it who made every decision about its operation and functions. Academies Australasia Polytechnic Public organization run as part of Academies Australasia Group run by the national government. It is one of the famous polytechnic education providers besides Melbourne Polytechnic and so on hence the market structure for this is oligopolistic. A small stall in one of Melbourne/Sydneys Sunday markets that sells souvenirs such as wallets, caps, tee-shirts, key chains- perfect competition since enormous stalls like that can be installed in the Sunday markets and one such firm is simply facing perfect competition in presence of many buyers, many sellers and similar kind of products. A car workshop or hair salon in your city- Many hair salons can be present in a city. They provide services similar though the quality and pricing may vary. This leads to presence of monopolistic market in the car workshop or hair salon shop. Iphone and Samsung in the mobile phone industry- Monopolistic competition will prevail because both of the product deliver similar utility of mobile phone services but the difference in their features are present. Iphone Samsung are the two big brands among few big sellers of mobile phone enjoying larger consumer base. Answer 5 Diagram A Diagram B The diagram A is applicable to define the demand curve facing perfect competition. Perfect competition appears in a market, which has many buyers, and many sellers operating in the market structure and transaction made around similar goods having no difference on both the price and non-price basis. This makes the firms face completely elastic demand where for one unit change in price the demand changes infinitely. At given price consumers are willing to buy infinite units but if price rises by small level, and then the consumption would fall to zero making the elasticity infinite. On the other hand, the downward sloping steep demand curve is faced in the monopoly market where price responsiveness is lower and demand is inelastic (Dunne, Klimek, Roberts Xu, 2013). Since supply in such market is limited only in the hand of the monopolist, he can charge any price higher than the market price and for one unit change in price demand would not fall that much because the goods are essentia l to be consumed or the limited supply in presence of more demand allows consumers to pay higher price. = 1/dp/dq * p/q [dp/dq= slope of the demand curve] For perfect competition, e= (perfectly elastic demand) leading dp/dq=0 that makes the demand curve sloped horizontal. For monopoly market, e Reference Dunne, T., Klimek, S. D., Roberts, M. J., Xu, D. Y. (2013). Entry, exit, and the determinants of market structure.The RAND Journal of Economics,44(3), 462-487. Foster, J. B. (2014).The theory of monopoly capitalism. NYU Press. Nikaido, H. (2015).Monopolistic Competition and Effective Demand.(PSME-6). Princeton University Press. Scitovsky, T. (2013).Welfare Competition(Vol. 103). Routledge.

Macbeth Character Essays - Characters In Macbeth, Macbeth

Macbeth Character Macbeth committed many devilish crimes and he bribed men to do his murderous schemes. He used the power he had against other men to get what he wanted. Macbeth wanted to rule Scotland and when he was in command, if he was worried about someone or something, he made sure everything was taken care of to keep his mind at rest. He had regrets when he killed Duncan, but none of his sins evaded his mind, and he remained happy during the time he reigned as king. The only thing that he absolutely feared was Macduff and his own death. Macbeth used two men to accomplish his sin of killing Banquo and Fleance. Macbeth wanted Banquo and Fleance dead because Macbeth did not want any of Banquo's descendants to acquire his position after he died. To turn the men against Banquo, Macbeth said that it was all Banquo's fault that they were poor and did not have anything else to live for. "That it was he in the times past, which held you/ So under fortune." (3.1.117-118) Macbeth keeps telling them how mean, selfish and heartless Banquo was. He made the men believe that Banquo was their rival. "Both of you/ Know Banquo was your enemy." (3.1.131-132) Macbeth asks the men if they forgive Banquo for what he has done, to test their loyalty towards Banquo. "To pray for this good man and for his issue,/ Whose heavy hand hath bowed you to the grave." (3.1.99-100) Macbeth can divert the mind of a person with his performance. Macbeth wanted to rule Scotland and if anything got in his way, he was sure to get rid of it, no matter what it took. When Duncan was king, Macbeth killed him to acquire his reign. When Banquo suspected Macbeth of killing the king, Macbeth was worried that Banquo might find who really killed Duncan. Macbeth hired two men to kill Banquo. Macbeth also killed the family of Macduff because Macbeth was scared of him. "The castle Macduff I will surprise/ Seize upon Fife, give to th' edge o' th' sword" (4.1.171-172) Macduff was his opponent. Macbeth knew Macduff could kill him in an instant. Macbeth had his regrets after he killed King Duncan. When he killed Banquo, his ghost haunted his conscience by making Macbeth regret killing his human form. At the time that Macbeth killed Macduff's family, Macbeth had no regrets what so ever. Macbeth never though twice about the killings, because Macduff was unfaithful to his king. After Macbeth killed Duncan, Macbeth wished he had not murdered him. "To know my deed ?twere best not know myself./ Wake Duncan with thy knocking." (2.3.93-94) Once Macbeth was accustomed with murdering people, he did not have any regrets. There were only two things that really made Macbeth worry and made him scared, those being his own death and Macduff himself. Macbeth was terrified of dying for he wished to be King of Scotland forever. One other reason why he was afraid of his death was that the witches predicted that Banquo's descendants would become king, and the line of kings would be long. Macbeth believed that he would live forever he trusted the witches which also told him that he would never be harmed until Birnam Wood climbed Dunsinane Hill and only a person who was not born from a woman could kill him. The reason that Macbeth was afraid of Macduff was because Macbeth knew that he was the real person who killed the king. Also, Macduff was gone to England to get the British army to fight Macbeth. Macbeth was scared of Macduff because he was able and strong enough to kill him and everyone was on the side of Macduff, since no one agreed with Macbeth's ways anymore. Finally, Macbeth was very cruel and mean. He was an evil man who could go to any length to be in control. He used men to work, accomplishing his schemes, and was scared of nothing but death and his opponent. He did not have any regrets. Macbeth was very machiavelinious. He had all the characteristics of a Machavellian man. He was undoubtfully the man with the most devilish schemes.

The Making of Evita1 essays

The Making of Evita1 essays As I sit here at my computer, I am at a standstill trying to decide where to start. How do you condense a person into ten short pages, and still enable the reader to get to know them. I have decided that the task is nearly impossible, even in the telling of a life that was tragically so short. Evita, as the people affectionately knew her, entered into this world with nothing and left with everything. From a poor peasant girl growing up in the pampas, to a popular media personality, to the First Lady of Argentina. In her short period on this earth she definitely made her mark. To this day, she is still a controversial figure in her native Argentina. She was beloved by the working classes and shunned by the aristocracy. When Eva Pern died in 1952 of cancer, a group of anti-Pernist tried to erase all physical evidence relating to Evita. Her personal notes, diaries, and photos were burned in public demonstrations. Her monuments were torn down and destroyed. Evas body disappeared for sixteen years, in hopes that without the physical body, Eva would be soon forgotten. A group sprang up soon after and flourished in Argentina, the Saint Evita cult. Posters of Evita were on every street corner, in all the villages, and in the peoples hearts. The president, who took office after Juan Pern was overthrown, was kidnapped and murdered by Saint Evita followers who wanted him to reveal where her body had been hidden. Finally, in 1976, Eva Duarte-Pern was interred in the Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires, Argentine. For the first time since her death, she had come home again. Who is this woman, who even in death can incite such devotion? Just as mysteries surrounded Eva in death, so did they shadow her life. The Evita of the Argentine people is straightforward, and there are very few secrets. It is Evas life before Pern that is obscured and ...

Essay on Science Has Made Mans Life Quite Comfortable Essays

Essay on Science Has Made Mans Life Quite Comfortable Essays Essay on Science Has Made Mans Life Quite Comfortable Paper Essay on Science Has Made Mans Life Quite Comfortable Paper Science Has Made Our Life Comfortable Science has changed the face of the world. It has, of course, given many things that benefit man. But the evils that it has showered on man wash away the advantages. It has made man depend on machines, calculators and computers. A day may come when his physical and mental faculties may grow so weak that he may not be able to lift a bag or solve a simple equation. In the field of health services, it has given us life-saving drugs. But it has also given drugs like smack and heroin. Nuclear energy created by science has been much praised but the blast in Russia has exploded the myth. Check out more essay samples at Altheadlines your best college essay help! Atom bombs created by scientists were thrown on Hiroshima and Nagasaki decades ago. The painful memory still lingers and millions of people are still ill. I apparently support science. Science has made all the things possible. REALLY. without science we cannot imagine our lives. humans might have extincted long back if science had not been improved. so,i think it s not a bane for the society. There is a misconception about science ,people think that it is the science which is responsible for the explosions as well as destruction. But I think it is human brain which caused all this destruction. PEOPLE fought and had lost their lives before the improvement of science also. so, it is definetly a boon for the society The greatest harm science has done is to the faith of man. God has become a nonentity. In the modern jungle of mental activities where would a desperate man go? Having lost faith, his intellectual activities lead him to suicide. A number of scientists meet this fate every year in India. By This we can conclude that Science has more Boons than Banes.

Business Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business Report - Coursework Example We will also ensure that we maximise our profit. There are financial risks that occur in this type of business. Furthermore, some problems with the customers may occur. All these problems should be solved in order to achieve our goals. 2. Introduction Through our research, we found out that Witney; in Oxfordshire do not have an independent shop that sells toys. Our main targets are the kids. We realised that the demand of electronic and traditional toys at this town is very high. Jay and I have decided to run this new business venture. We agreed to start a partnered business. This business will have two stakeholders i.e. Jay and me. Our vision in this business venture is to ensure that our customers are served with the best products in the market as well as ensuring that we achieve our business goals which maximising profit with minimal costs. It is our responsibility to ensure that this vision is achieved without incurring unnecessary costs. We will also ensure that risks are reduce d to the best of our ability. Our starting cost will include ?25,000 that we borrowed from the bank and ?25, 000 from my savings account. Jay will not contribute anything from his account. This report will deal with the type of business we chose and the research we have done on this business. It discusses the reasons why we chose this business. It will also touch on our target customers and the possible problems that we will face in this business. 3. Main body The type of business we decided to operate in is the general partnership business. This is a business entity that involves two or more partners who agreed to do a business. We chose this business entity because it is easy for two of us to run. We will be sharing profit and losses equally. In addition, both of us are liable to any debts that may occur. This business entity was also the best for us because it does not require a notarial deed. We will make our agreement private i.e. the agreement will only be between me and Jay. 3.1 Procedures for General Partnership establishment Weiss et al. says there is no formality in forming our general partnership. This is because our agreement is private. We decided to write an agreement in order to avoid future misunderstandings. However, there are rules that govern the business partnership. For our partnership to exist, we must first register it by following the rules from Company Act 2006 (Van, 2007:21). For us to form this company, we must first give our names to the memorandum of association and ensure that we comply with the requirements that are needed for one to register our company. The registrar must receive the memorandum of association form our company. For us to be registered, we must submit our company name, postal address location and business entity of the company. We should also state that our company is a private one. After all these, the application will to be delivering to the England’s registrar of companies (Degenhardt, 2010:54). After o ur company has been approved, Partnership act 1890 should also be adhered to. For our partnership to exist, there rules that must be followed. The partnership should ensure that we share profits equally as stated by our agreement. Both of us will be liable to all company’s debt. Our partnership will now have a firm name. We will manage our business fairly. Profits and control of assets will be done equally (Degenhardt, 2010:59). 3.2 Financial risks There are possible financial risks that are likely

Case Study 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study 2 - Essay Example The drawbacks result to baffling cases and transgressions. Not considering the affluence of information obtainable, it does not assist in operating the amenities. The intellect acquired from the offenders would be precious and significantly noteworthy in rule enforcement. Nevertheless, the decree enforcers openly squash underfoot and discharge it as implausible. Correctional officeholders cleverly find out covert messages from detainees regarding performance of the other jailbirds (Klofas, Kalinich & Stojkovic, 2007). That notwithstanding, they have their intelligence dishonoured by their superiors (regulation enforcement personnel). If the detectives restrain the intellect, it can direct to fruitless communication. This dims the enforcement conglomerates from attaining imperative intelligence. The facet of non-credibility of the springs (criminals are the spring) flaunts itself as a major hindrance to communication. According to the rumour mill, the incarcerated are pathological lia rs. This tells us that neither the correctional bureaucrats nor the enforcement conglomerates can acknowledge a solitary portion of intelligence from them. Detainees employ slander as a way of stage-managing the administration. (Klofas, Kalinich & Stojkovic, 2007) This encumbers healthier communication, which is predominantly essential in edict enforcement. The boss-subject relationship undergoes stumbling blocks, which dissuades unconventional course of communication in the procedure of working. The subordinate (correctional agents) tends to talk about only those issues that are not likely to get them into trouble. This fear serves to cover up inconveniences that may possibly mirror on the lesser party. The correctional administrators hold back crucial insight from getting to their superiors. The intellect assembly assemblages further carry on the knowledge to themselves, in an exertion to shun many avoidable measures. The use of multifaceted message avenues thus bars invariable st ream of information. This holds rapid compilation of knowledge and its application back. Professional-occupational specialism in relation to the correctional superintendents, puts on show an unremitting and proficient, communal scheme. This design educes premeditated and unintentional perspiration. These consist of coaching and vocational group traditions. Amateur correctional bureaucrats obtain a momentous jolt on first contact with the crooks. As they discover to subsist in seal up contact with the crooks, the bureaucrats sack the typecast that offenders are precarious. (Klofas, Kalinich & Stojkovic, 2007) On-job schooling tags on ahead joining the preparation school, which is more of inevitability than intent. This socialization process acts to weed out ineffectual officers. An exceptionally nerve-racking matter with the correctional officials is their disunity. They are deficient in the pervasive subculture that erstwhile groups signify. They hardly labour as one nor go halves i n the decision-building procedure. This debilitates communication amid them. They somewhat assume and condemn each other, other than come together and endorse cohesion, which is debatable. This is pluralistic unawareness where the folks affected concede with their personal standpoints rather than others’. The procedure of socialization is unchangeable. As a result, officials take part in a fundamental duty in determining work-related specialism. The superintendent ought to aspire to

Violent Sports should be Banned Essay Example for Free

Violent Sports should be Banned Essay To start with, Sports is basically an activity done for pleasure, which needs physical effort and skill. Some people, who dedicate themselves to this activity, consider it as a passion to compete against others in their skill, ability and spirit. Sports also help in inculcating a certain discipline as well as the spirit of brotherhood or the ‘team spirit’ in the sports persons. Sports ideally are not meant to do anything with violence. Sports for some is a mode of attaining fame, for some it is their job. Some do it as their hunger to compete and win, while the others take it as an enjoyment to watch. But, in today’s scenario, the sports that include aggressive activities are gaining more popularity, as they present much a way of entertainment to the spectators. Since the youth are more volatile by nature they enjoy these ‘violent sports’ such as boxing, kick boxing, wrestling etc. Today’s Young generation does not make an effort to know the grave dangers that these sports put. The dangers that these sports cause are susceptibility to major accidents that may even prove to be even worse than fatal. The injuries which may be for lifetime may be a cause of greater torture and helplessness than death itself. Certain instances in the past, such as the accident of Fred Guirrero and ‘Umaga’ because of accidents during the match have resulted in their death in the arena themselves. Also, these violent sports are responsible for major injuries to the sportspersons, such as rupture of the spine, brain haemorrhage, excessive blood loss, irregular clotting etc. Not only the sportspersons are affected by these kinds of sports, but also, the viewers get an indirect impact on them. Young children as well as adults, try to imitate the actions that take place in these sports. Statistics say that almost 15000 deaths take place annually in the USA because of people imitating the sportspersons of boxing, wrestling, sword fighting etc. Repeated watching of such sports unconsciously affects the very psyche of the young which ultimately reflect in their behaviour in their social environment. One of the major causes of ‘road rage’, shooting spree by teenagers in their own schools and colleges, acts of suicide, involvement in murders, loots etc, are the consequences of being in constant influence these ‘violent sports’ and other such activities. What is the logic behind sportspersons indulging themselves in such inhuman activities and the viewers watching blood smeared sportsmen in  the ring with broken limbs? It seems greed of money is prompting certain people to participate in such type of violent activity. Also, it is very contradictory to the spirit of sports that they spread violence and suffering instead of providing pleasure and joy. So in my opinion I strongly refute the proposition of those who argue in support of the continuation of such ‘violent sports’. They should be allowed neither to continue on human as well as moral grounds.

Letter to the Tommy Hilfiger Advertising Manager :: Advertising Marketing Business

Letter to the Tommy Hilfiger Advertising Manager Dear Tommy Hilfiger Advertising Manager, â€Å"Just be you!† I’m sure one experiences a bit of their own nostalgia at the sight of the following phrase; anything from making new friends in preschool to being on a difficult job interview, â€Å"just being yourself† has always been said to be the best way to approach any uncomfortable situation. This is why an ad of yours that I have recently come across has significantly astounded me. The ad that I speak of pictures a flock of sheep standing in front of an American flag (the obvious symbol for Tommy) and, displayed at the bottom, a slogan that reads â€Å"follow the flock†. I was perplexed that a company of your stature and prestige would want anyone to just â€Å"follow the flock†. So I asked myself: â€Å"Would wearing Tommy Hilfiger really make me fit in?† and â€Å"Would I rather wear Tommy Hilfiger and be ‘like the flock’ or would I rather be the individual I have been brought up to be.† If t he intention of the advertisement is to simply have everyone wearing your clothing line, then I suppose your slogan suits this purpose, but being one who was targeted with this ad, I feel that your company should have gone with more of an individualistic approach. Although your ad may be directed toward any number of age groups, it particularly had an effect on me. I have been wearing your clothing line for as far back as I can remember so I had to frown upon the thought that all these years I may have only been â€Å"following the flock† instead of being myself. Being an 18 year old who has recently embarked in my first year college, I have found it difficult enough to stand out among a student body of well over 35,000. With the modern day misconception that the media has for what every man or woman â€Å"should† look like, individualism is something that is not only hard to find, but also hard to keep. So as much as I have marveled over your clothing line for the past decade or so, I can honestly say that I will think twice before buying a pair of your jeans over another.

To what extent does Soyinka present Jeroboam and his gullible congregation firstly as victims of social forces

To what extent does Soyinka present Jeroboam and his gullible congregation firstly as victims of social forces and secondly, as victims of their own greed and opportunism in The Trials of Brother Jero? â€Å"Human life cannot be represented in a fully or truthful manner without taking account of the pressures brought to bear upon the individual by his milieu, by the particularity of social situation and historical circumstance† John Cruickshank (1969) I have chosen the quote above as a starting point for my essay because I believe that Africa as a continent has seen such extremes of political and social upheaval that to overlook the importance of history, and its affects down the evolutionary scale on the people of Africa, in African literature and particularly in Soyinka's The Trials of Brother Jero would be very wrong. But how far can you make allowances for greed, selfishness and opportunism (which almost every character in the play attributes to) under the assumption that they are just products of the greed, selfishness and opportunism inflicted on the people when colonisation reared its ugly head? by the same token I feel that it is easy for an audience or reader of a play to put characters good or bad points purely down to their ‘character'. When a play write presents you with characters that are so easy to interpret then you have to ask yourself, why? Jero is a prophet, â€Å"by birth and inclination† and this is indeed the first thing we learn about him. The way Soyinka presents him to us is initially set out in the stage directions where Jero is described as â€Å"suave†. Jero's opening line â€Å"I am a prophet†, I feel, encourages the audience to think that maybe a real prophet would be more modest. Jero's direct speech to the audience employs a traditional African style of address that forces an audience to actively analyse Jero's speeches. That said Soyinka does not make it difficult for us to see that Jero is far from being a religious man as he informs us of his betrayal of his previous master for his own personal gain. So why would Soyinka use such a style of address if he did not want to us to analyse something more in the apparent openness of his characters speech? I feel that Soyinka has used this literary tool in order to encourage an audience not to see the truth in the characters (as this is very easy to see) but to think about why they have come to be the way they are. G. N. Ofor (1991) in his essay entitled The Urban Novel: A Historical Experience tells us about social realities of the time prior to colonisation: â€Å"African villagers were noted for their homogeneity and were guided by traditional beliefs and values. Members of the community were very closely bound together and the primacy of the community over the individual was emphasised† I think it is very important that G. N. Ofor chooses to specify that this state was what Africa was like before colonisation as this suggests that things have changed because of colonisation. Certainly in The Trials of Brother Jero the people are guided by traditional beliefs with the characters attending church regularly and Jero being something of an advisor (certainly to Chume anyway) but Jero himself is not guided by the hope of enlightenment or saviour after death, nor is he compelled to help people for the sake of being a kind and generous person. Everything he does, in some way, contributes to his own personal gain, gain of money or respect or personal favours. In the quotation below which is an excerpt from the play Jero finds out that Chume's wife is in fact also his creditor who he has been trying to avoid, and so allows him finally to beat her despite forbidding him not to up until this point. Jero says â€Å"he wants to beat his wife, but I won't let him. If I do, he will become contented, and then that's another of my flock gone for ever. Jero: Ah. That is the only way. But er†¦ I wonder really what the will of god would be in this matter. After all, Christ himself was not averse to using the whip when occasion demanded it. Chume (eagerly. ): No. He did not hesitate. Jero: In that case, since, brother Chume, your wife seems such a wicked, wilful sinner, I think†¦ Chume: Yes, Holy One†¦? Jero: You must take her home tonight†¦ Chume: Yes†¦ Jero: And beat her. You could easily conclude from this that Jero is presented as a victim of his own opportunism or that Jero is an opportunist, I suppose that to consider a character as a victim of anything suggests that we cannot or do not blame them for it; that, from a humanitarian point of view we can empathise with Jero's course of action. But Soyinka does not present to us any signal that Jero has suffered any sort of moral dilemma as he recurrently exploits his congregation. So we need to consider the social forces that might shape the attitudes of the characters in The Trials of Brother Jero The ideological view points detailed in the quotation by G. N. Ofer. Do not apply to the character Jero so Maybe Soyinka chooses not to present Jero in this idyllic image as a remark against such opinions saying that he does not agree that Colonisation is a reason that people in Africa have become more of a capitalist nation like in European society and is making the point that the image of Africans as a tight knit, un-selfish communism never completely existed. In the same essay I quoted from earlier and on the subject of the effects of colonisation, G. N. Ofer goes on to say that: Factors like taxation, a common portable currency, the desire for European goods, the need and the opportunity to make profits contributed immensely to the historic shift from a subsistence economy to a monetary economy. This loosened the co-operative ties binding the individual to his clan and lineage members. † If you read the above quote with reference to Soyinka's character Jero you could certainly see how, perhaps, Soyinka's character Jeroboam is presented as a victim of this new found ethic, catalysed by the influence of Africa's capitalist colonisers. In fact in Soyinka's own words, from an essay entitled from a common backcloth: A reassessment of the African literary Image he writes of â€Å"the European observer† that: â€Å"He still fights a rearguard today. It has grown subtler. Accommodation is his new weapon, not dictation† Soyinka (1988) Accommodation of the African continent or of the minds of the African masses perchance? Chume is another of Soyinka's main characters in the play, an un-educated, naive, gullible, hen-pecked man who relies completely on the ‘help' he gets from Jero. Looking at the play it is easy perceive that Soyinka has presented Chume as a victim. In the excerpt I have quoted below we can see how Chume goes to see brother Jero, desperate to find help for the mental torture he suffers by his nagging wife, Amope; Chume: My life is hell†¦ Jero: Forgive him, father, forgive him. Chume: This woman will kill me†¦ Jero: Forgive him, father, forgive him. Chume: Only this morning I†¦ Jero: Forgive him, father, forgive him. Chume: All the way on my bicycle†¦ Jero: Forgive†¦ Chume: And not a word of thanks†¦ Jero: Out Ashtoreth. Out Baal†¦ Chume: All she gave me was abuse, abuse, abuse†¦ All Chume wants is for Jero to allow him to beat her, just once, but Jero keeps him hanging on saying it is not the will of god. All Chume wants out of life is to have a peaceful relationship with his wife and to gain a better job. Chume is actually under a great deal of pressure to conform to the expectations of his wife and his peer. Amope says â€Å"A chief messenger in the local Government Office – do you call that work? Your old schools friends are now ministers, riding in long cars†¦ † while Jero mocks Chume for his â€Å"animal jabber† he goes on to say that he is â€Å"too crude, but then that is to my advantage. It means he would never set himself up as my equal. † you could argue that any characters desire for monetary gain or a materialistic attitude to life could be seen as a direct effect of the colonisation of Africa. As I have shown in earlier quotations and as I have read so far, it would seem that many of the people who write about the state of the African infrastructure have the opinion that colonisation has been a destructive factor because it imposed the materialistic, dog eat dog attitude of Europe. Many writers believe that the effect of Europe has caused a lack of solidarity between the African masses. It would seem, also that there have been many literary works which satirise this idea, Claude Wauthier (1978) in The literature and thought of modern Africa writes; The tone is just as sarcastic about Europe in the long free-verse poem by the Ugandan Okot p'Bitek, song of Lawino, the bitter-sweet lament of a black woman who is reproached by her husband for being illiterate and not knowing European social manners: My husband pours scorn On black people He behaves like a hen That eats its own eggs. Bearing this in mind it seems as though Soyinka has presented Chume as a victim of the social forces imposed by those around him. He fits perfectly into Eustace Palmer's view (quoted by G. N. Ofor in The essay The urban novel: a Historical Experience) of; â€Å"The rural innocent†¦ who is ignorant of the qualities needed to survive in the hot-house that is the city and who is quite often inadequately equipped, as far as education is concerned, to qualify for the lucrative jobs the city offers. † Palmer (1979) It is interesting to include that G. N. Ofor remarks on the above quote with: â€Å"However it is pertinent to note that without the creation of towns/cities by the colonial administration, there would have been no urban novel. † As for Chume's own greed and opportunism, I think it would be difficult for anyone to argue that a person could be said to be greedy for wanting to live harmoniously with their wife/husband or to want equality. All we know of the rest of brother Jero's congregation is the few people he mentions that he has convinced will become prime ministers of certain states, there is a woman who badly wants children and Jero tell us that the most popular of his prophesies is to tell people they will live until they are 80. As Jero says â€Å"if it doesn't come true, that man doesn't find out until he's on the other side. The last character we meet in the play is ‘member', who aptly becomes a member of Brother Jero's congregation by the end of the play. Jero, at first, attempts to speak to him by pretending he has prophesised the meeting between them. Shockingly the member turns away saying â€Å"Go and practise your fraudulences on another person of greater gullibility† and so for a second it seems as though there may be at least one character that will not fall for the charms of Brother Jeroboam – this is not the case. All it takes is for Jero to say what he wants to hear and he is hooked. Jero tempts him by saying â€Å"And at a desk, in a large gilt room, great men of the land awaited your decision. Emissaries of foreign nations hung on your word. And on the door leading into your office I read the words, minister for war†¦ † Asking god or brother Jero to help people become ministers or heads of state or merely to have a better job or more money seems to go against the true usages of religion, Which I had understood to be performing the will of God (of whichever denomination) and keeping unity between all the people within the culture. It seems to me that Soyinka may be trying to show that while every member of Jero's congregation is manipulated by him they themselves are not completely innocent in their reasons for their faith. Mineke Schipper (1982) in Oral Literature and Total Theatre says; â€Å"In traditional society the religious system determines the cultural unity of the people. Life forces bind man to his past, his present and his future and determine his relationships with gods, spirits, nature and natural phenomena. The unity tends to break down where western influence increases. † It is interesting that the subject of western influence is again considered to be the destructive factor in the lack of unity between the African people. The quotation above suggests that western influences have even meant a breaking down of the unity that religion brings. After having looked at The Trials of Brother Jero, and having discussed the idea of victimisation I can only conclude that human beings, from whatever culture or walk of life, all desire the same basic things – money and material possessions, respect, power and equality (though not necessarily in that order). The idea that has cropped up so often in my essay, that the social forces which work upon the individual and the nation as a whole are a direct effect of colonisation, is probably the most interesting point of all. You can indeed find reasoning within the text to assume that Soyinka may have intended for this theme to become apparent, whether or not you regard any of the characters as victims or even if you regard them as victims and perpetrators together at the same time. Below I have included a quotation from S. E. Ogude in his essay African Literature and the Burden of History: Some Reflections in which he talks about another African playwright, Chinua Achebe (1975) Saying: â€Å"He also reveals the weaknesses of the traditional society and the ease with which European capitalism and religion supported by gun powder and cannon balls successfully challenged the dominance of traditional culture. † If this is indeed true then it is a terrible, terrible shame.

Societys Perception About Weight

The topic of weight is very prevalent among people in today's society. Everywhere we look we find people of all sorts of different weights and appearances. Tall, small, thin, wide, fat and skinny are just a variety of the words we use to describe people. Almost no one is completely happy with their weight. We are constantly looking for ways to better ourselves and improve our physical appearance. It is this paper's purpose to provide information in helping a person feel comfortable with their weight and aid in determining an ideal body weight for you. Topics also include: society's view on weight, the dangers of various weight-related disorders and diseases, and methods of achieving a recommended healthy weight. The goal is that once you have the proper information you will be able to achieve this ideal weight safely and on your own, giving you an ultimate sense of satisfaction. The question that is constantly being asked is just what is the ideal healthy weight? The ideal body weight is different for every individual as healthy ideal weight depends on a person's sex, race, and genetics. To quickly simplify and determine an individual's ideal weight we use a simple chart called the Body Mass Index or BMI for short. This chart determines how much a person should weigh. People can calculate their BMI by dividing their weight in pounds by their height in inches squared and multiplying the resulting number by 704. 5 (Woods 98). A person who weighs 164 pounds and is 68 inches would do the following calculation: 164/4624 x 704. 5 = 25 BMI. A BMI between 18. 5-24. 9 is normal and is called the safe zone (Woods 98). The people in this recommended safe zone are considered to be in the best health. A BMI less than 18. 5 usually means that a person is underweight (Woods 98). Studies indicate that the underweight have an increased risk of death compared to those of normal weight. A BMI of over 30 means obesity, and obese people take a lot of health risks (Woods 98). People with obesity have an increased risk of: high blood pressure, heart attacks, stroke, the most common form of diabetes, gallbladder disease, arthritis, respiratory problems, and certain types of cancer. As long as you fall into or close to the recommended safe zone you should feel comfortable and happy with your weight the way it is. This paper will now discuss the dangers that society's infatuation with weight can have on a person. It will also provide methods on how a person can change to find a comfortable and healthy weight. Eating disorders are a common and very realistic part of our society. They are seen as the most dangerous health related risks involving weight. Dieting, binge-eating and food obsessions are prevalent among all weight groups. Many people strive to be lighter than their natural weights and exercise excessively and eat sparingly to attain an often-unrealistic weight goal. Societal pressures share blame for producing eating disorders. Some victims of eating disorders feel that others are pressuring them to be thin, making them feel guilty about what they eat (Washington 99). They become isolated from family and friends and turn to food as a release and source of comfort (Washington 99). People with eating disorders excessively exercise and are known to induce vomiting after eating or drinking (Washington 99). Eating disorders target many people in society. The main target group is females, especially in the traditionally masculine cultures. Society places a great deal of emphasis on the physical appearance of a person's body and this alone is enough to drive someone into an eating disorder. An example is the supermodel with the skin and bones look whom you see on television. With this in mind many women might look at their weight and find themselves socially unacceptable. The result can be an eating disorder. Another target group is athletes. For example, in the sport of gymnastics there is pressure on the female athlete to maintain a low weight and petite slim figure. Since gymnastics is judged on how an athlete looks in competition many gymnasts develop an eating disorder as a result of the importance of body image to the sport. Another example of the occurrence of eating disorders is in boxing and wrestling. Sometimes there is pressure on the athlete to have a rapid weight loss in order to compete in a lower weight class where he or she might have a better chance of winning. There are two main eating disorders that effect many people in society. They are anorexia and bulimia. Anorexia is a deliberate and obsessive starvation in the pursuit of thinness. It is characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming obese, or the disturbance in the way one's bodyweight size and shape is perceived by another individual (Clark 96). Bulimia is described as recurrent episodes of binge eating and a lack of control over one's eating behaviour resulting in purging (Clark 96). Purging can be achieved by using laxatives and/or vomiting. Many of the symptoms of eating disorders are similar; however, each disorder is somewhat different. If someone is anorexic, symptoms might be: an extremely thin person, isolation, loneliness, obsessive preoccupation with food as regards: obtaining it, cooking, and eating, and compulsive exercise (Washington 99). If someone is bulimic, you might expect to see: the use of food as a comforter, laxative abuse, mood swings, constant concern about body image and weight, quick trips to the bathroom after meals, excessive exercise, some isolation, and low self-esteem (Washington 99). Both forms of eating disorders are dangerous to your health and can cause major problems, both now and in the future. Some immediate physical problems include constantly feeling cold, bloodshot eyes with dark circles, finger calluses, dizziness, weakness, moodiness, insomnia, swollen glands, sore throat, or dry skin (Washington 99). Some of the long-term effects include gastrointestinal pain, diarrhea and/or constipation, malnutrition, heart attack, permanent damage to internal organs, kidney failure, and death (Washington 99). Family and friends of people affected should be aware of the symptoms and risks associated with disordered eating patterns. It is imperative to avoid becoming a victim to an eating disorder. You will only end up hurting yourself and loved ones around you. Now that the dangers of weight have been discussed an effective method of weight gain and loss will be presented. This information will help you reach a desired ideal weight so you can be happy and take pride in yourself. The topic of weight management is prevalent in today's society and is discussed from two different perspectives. People might think that they are too small or weak and in this case they will want to put on more weight. On the other hand, others might think that they are too big. In this case they will try to reduce their weight. Requirements of caloric intake differ for everyone. These requirements are determined by age, sex, weight and activity level. The simple definition of weight is the balance between caloric intake and caloric expenditure (Berning 96). Your body weight will change when there is a difference between calories taken in and calories burned up. Taking this into account, for the average person to lose weight the caloric intake must be less than caloric expenditure. Put simply, to lose weight you must eat less, exercise more, or a combination of both. For the average person to lose one pound they would have to run about 35 miles or eat 3,500 fewer calories (Berning 96). This is impossible to do in one day. To put this into perspective the following formula is given: 3,500 calories 7 days per week = 500 calories per day. It can than be said that eating 500 calories less per day will result in a weight loss of one pound per week. The same can be said by combining 250 calories less per day and burning 250 calories in exercise. Weight loss is most successful when diet and exercise are combined. The safe weight loss recommendation for the average person is no more than 1-2 pounds per week (Berning 96). By using this method of losing weight a person will decrease their chance of health problems and achieve their ideal weight. This method of weight loss will leave you with a sense of satisfaction and pride in reaching your ideal weight. The same basic theory applies for weight gain. In order to gain weight you need to consume more calories than you expend (Berning 96). Family history plays a major role in the development of a body. For example, people from thin families are less likely to transform their bodies into bulky muscular ones. A person can increase his chance of gaining weight with improved nutrition and appropriate weight training. Muscle is gained through intense training and the consumption of additional calories. For each pound gained as muscle you would need to consume 500-1000 additional calories each day (Berning 96). The key to weight gain is consistency and with a little hard work the average person should be able to get to his/her desired ideal weight. By combining a high calorie diet and a rigid exercise program you will find that your body will produce weight in the form of muscle, making you healthy and giving you your desired physical body image. We all must act together and make it our priority to help change society's perception of body images. This can protect everyone by making others feel comfortable with their weight and prevent them from developing eating disorders. Education is essential. By studying our ideal weight in the BMI chart and keeping an eye on the amount of calories in our diet we can stay healthy and feel good about ourselves. This process is aided through complete reinforcement and support from our family and friends. It doesn't stop there as we all must refrain from prejudicial treatment of fat or thin people and see beyond their weight. It is only then that we can feel comfortable with our weight and develop satisfaction in knowing that we have obtained an ideal healthy lifestyle for ourselves.

Progressivism in American History

Progressivism in American History The progressives were reformers who initiated a progressive movement in American society in order to eliminate the evils that faced it during industrialization era (West Schambra, 2007). This group initiated the movement during 19th century and went on until the early phase of 20th Century (Sage, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Progressivism in American History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These reformers aimed at improving the social, economic, political and cultural aspects of American society. The movement came into existence due to rapid changes that had been accelerated by industrial growth and rise of capitalism in America. The proponents of progressivism aimed at modifying society to adopt a new system that would be compatible with industrial era. It is evident that there were myriad of proponents of the movement. Besides, majority of the progressives were natives who were mainly composed of secret balloters, pacifists, workers’ advocates, muckrakers and child-welfare advocates (Sage, 2010). This paper discusses goals of the progressive movement and concerns over the problems that faced political and economic activities in America during the time period between 19th and 20th century. Who were the progressives (name at least four and explain their goals and concerns) and what did they achieve? Prominent representatives of progressivism included Theodore Roosevelt, Charles Merriam, Frank Wright and Sinclair Upton (Sage, 2010). These reformists had numerous goals of transforming society from the ancient conventional principles of governance into modern way of doing things. Intellectuals and reformers were in haste to advocate for social welfare which entailed equal employment opportunities and better working conditions. This occurred during the eve of Cold War where more social reformists were advocating for protection of prisoners and people with disabilities (W est Schambra, 2007). Moreover, the reformers advocated for abolition of tribulations like slave trade, racial injustices and child labor. During the second wave of progressivism, the reformers aimed at reconstructing society in order to guarantee rights of women. In line with this, the movement aimed at eradicating social Darwinism. This would ensure that the rich and poor people would assume equal positions in society (Sage, 2010). Politically, the reformers targeted at eliminating corruption and unjustified influence in governance. Economically, there was relentless struggle to eliminate unfair trade and the government was obliged to control all economic concerns to promote justice. Successfully, the progressives made lot of achievements that changed the countenance of American society.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, they were able to eradicate hazar dous working conditions, child labor, slave trade and racial injustices. Politically, corruption was decimated with the emergence of strong local government officials thus eliminating fraudulent mayoral schemes (West Schambra, 2007). What were the main concerns of the progressives over the corruption in economic activities and political activities and how were they interconnected? It is apparent that although the progressives had different concerns for the society on how to eliminate economic and political problems, at times, their motives were interrelated. For instance, there was concern over suffrage whereby only the whites had mandate to vote (Sage, 2010). This impacted negatively on the economic and political life of the minor natives in America (West Schambra, 2007). A concern for prohibition of drugs and liquors was meant to improve the social framework of the society thus reflecting positively to economic development and politics. There was also concern over political refo rms in which natives were allowed to make initiatives for themselves. This would ensure that the government did not curtail their economic and political freedom. Besides, there were anti-monopoly reforms to eliminate competitive market prices and profits (Sage, 2010). In an economic perspective, this was perceived as threat to big businesses in the sense that uncontrolled market forces were unfair even to consumers. To emphasize on the afoprementioned concerns, their eradication highly contributed to both economic and political welfare of the state (West Schambra, 2007). Conclusion To recap it all, it is imperative to reiterate that industrial developments that were witnessed in 19th century fueled the rise of progressivism. In a more vigorous manner, the reformers in the movement set their goals and concerns on self-interests. This resulted into numerous groups participating in the movement such as businessmen, anti-racists, workers, child advocators and anti-liquors. Significantl y, major representatives had different motives though in few instances they shared common views. Moreover, there was intense transformation of the American society whereby the achievements made impacted positively to the economic, political, social and cultural phases. These achievements included eradication of racism, child labor, slavery, poor working conditions and social Darwinism.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Progressivism in American History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Sage, J. (2010). The Progressive Era: The Great Age of Reform. Web. West, T. Schambra, W. (2007). The Progressive Movement and the Transformation of American Politic. Web.

staderized tests essays

staderized tests essays Standardized tests are intended to give a general measure of students' performance. Standardized testing means administrating the same test in the same way to two or more pupils. Since large numbers of students throughout the country take the same test, they give educators a common assess or "standard" of measure. Educators use these standardized tests to tell how well school programs are succeeding or to give themselves a picture of the skills and abilities of today's students. Some popular tests include the California Achievement Tests (the CAT), the Stanford Achievement Test, the Iowa Test of Basic Skills (the ITBS), and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. These test are usually given to fourth, eighth and twelfth graders. These tests measure your knowledge in math, reading, science, and spelling. The issue that is concerning the general public today is if this test should become a mile stone and determine if a student should progress on to the next level of education. These te sts should be made mandatory for all students in primary and secondary public schools to take. These test results and the results of other students will be a helpful way to decide the effectiveness of the educational programs in which they attend. Standardized tests can help teachers develop programs that suit students' achievement levels in each subject area, such as reading, math, language skills, spelling, or science. These tests will help the students in the areas that they need help in instead of sliding throughout school lacking the help they need. These tests will create it so each student in public schools can have equivalent education. Standardized tests are the best form to help determine students that need help in different subject matters. The primary object to look at is how beneficial this could be. In recent studies done at Cornell University a study was done on States that used Standardized testing. The research found that the state of Ver...

Answer the questions at the back of each chapter Coursework

Answer the questions at the back of each chapter - Coursework Example (a) The world trading system would be greatly affected by the growth of Chinese economy. China is one of the largest exporters in the world. Every big company is producing its products in China due to cheap factors of production available in China. So that is why in future more and more companies would install their plants and factories in China. The balance of trade in the world would disturb due to the growth of China, because Chinese products are less expensive and people would prefer to use Chinese products. But on the other hand this increasing bubble of Chinese trade can burst if China ignores the demand and supply dynamics of the world market. (b) The world monetary system would definitely get disturb due to rapid increase in the Chinese economy. Due to increasing trade with other countries, the wealth of Chinese companies would increase and accumulate in China. This increasing wealth will where provide China plenty of investments but it would leave the world short of wealth and investment. The world monetary system can suffer a lot if not dealt with proper care. (c) The business strategies of European and the US corporations are in line with the growth prospects of China. These corporations are manufacturing in China due to less expensive factors of productions thereby increasing their profit margins. More and more companies would shift to China in the future due to rapid increase of trade of China with other countries. (d) Global commodity prices would also suffer due to the rapid growth in the trade of China with other countries. The prices of global commodities would increase due to their increasing need in China and similar countries. You are working for a company that is considering investing in a foreign country. Investing in countries with different traditions is an important element of your company’s long-term strategic goals. As such, management has requested a report regarding the attractiveness of alternative countries based on

Assessments used to determine if a students has a learning disability Assignment

Assessments used to determine if a students has a learning disability - Assignment Example The IQ-accomplishment discrepancy model evaluates whether there is a noteworthy distinction between a childs scores on a test of general insight. In the event that an understudys score on the IQ test is no less than two standard deviations higher than his or her scores on an accomplishment test, the understudy is depicted as having a huge error in the middle of IQ and accomplishment and, accordingly, as having a learning incapacity. According to Ellison & Semrud-Clikeman (2009), these methods may not be as effective because the child may face other challenges such as language barrier or other forms of disability. Use data from a perception in routine classroom guideline and checking of the youngsters execution that was done before the kid was considered for an assessment, as in a reaction to intercession model. In the event that a kid is not as much as school age or out of school, a evaluator must watch the youngster in a situation fitting for an offspring of that age. Using RTI evaluates the general and overall performance and behavior of the student. Academic achievement in academics is factored in as well as examining the progress of the child in relation to pre set standards and benchmarks. The rate of the child’s learning as well as the level need to be considered. The child needs to be observed in a class setting. This provides direction on whether to consider the child when the child does not achieve sufficiently for their age or does not meet state-approved evaluation level standard in either or more of the following areas, when provided with appropriate direction and knowledge necessary for the childs age or state-approved evaluation level benchmarks: Oral expression, Listening understanding, Written expression, Basic perusing expertise, Reading familiarity abilities, Reading perception, Mathematics estimation and Mathematics critical thinking. The general behavior of the child must be

Case Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case Analysis - Assignment Example warrant of habitability that apartment leased is fit and habitable for human habitation (Implied Warranty of Habitability: http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/implied-warranty-of-habitability-lawyers.html). There has been a violation of this implied warrant when the roof started leaking and the Lessor made no effort to repair the same. 2. The action of Violet is justified. The tenant has a right under the doctrine of Constructive Eviction to terminate the lease contract for the apartment has become unsuitable for the purpose for which it was leased. â€Å"Under this doctrine the tenant is given the right to vacate the lease without further rent obligation, if she does so promptly after giving the landlord reasonable notice and opportunity to correct the problem.† (Mallor, Barnes. Brewers & Langvardt; Business Law: The Ethica, Global, and E- Commmerce Environment 13th ed. McGraw –Hill companies 2007 p.

Employment Laws and HRM Strategy Essay Example for Free

Employment Laws and HRM Strategy Essay Describe the scenario that you have selected and its corresponding employment laws. The human resource scenario the writer selected is the need for seasonal employees who may be from another country. Employment laws for the state of Mississippi will be a base used to solve this issue. Mississippi Wage and Hour Laws from the Employment Law Handbook insures that seasonal workers are provided with a minimum wage, meals and breaks, vacation, sick leave, severance and holidays. Mississippi currently does not have any state laws requiring or regulating these requests. Mississippi uses federal guidelines as a base for establishing employment laws. The federal law as of today requires a minimum wage of 7.25 dollars. The federal law for overtime is also followed by Mississippi. Meals and breaks according to federal law are not defined. Breaks taken by an employee that are less than twenty minutes must be paid and lunch breaks thirty minutes or more do not need to be paid as long as an employee can do whatever he or she likes during this period according to the Department of Labor. Vacation leave is determined to the employer since Mississippi legislature does not have any established guidelines on this matter. Sick leave, Severance pay and holidays are all determined by an employer in the state of Mississippi due to established laws in this state (Mississippi Wage and Hour Laws, 2012). In August of 2012 Mississippi held a committee meeting on immigration reform. Governor Phil Bryant wanted to reaffirm a law preventing undocumented immigrants from recovering public benefits. The Mississippi Senate will have to take into consideration the United States Supreme Court rulings and federal appeals when drafting Mississippi legislature for immigration laws. The Mississippi state immigration law would have to comply with E-Verify laws and constitutional laws are not violated. President Barack Obama passed a deportation deferral to immigrants earlier this year but states can pass their own immigration reform laws such as Arizona and Alabama (Cherry, 2012). The United States Department of Labor established an act called The Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act or (MSPA) in order to protect these types of workers. The act protects employment related migrant and seasonal workers. The MSPA ensures that each nonexempt farm contractor and agricultural seasonal association disclose their terms and conditions of employment to each migrant worker. The terms and conditions of employment must be explained to the migrant and seasonal worker at the time of recruitment (Department of Labor, 2012). The job must description must also explain worker protection, amount of wages due to a migrant worker and provide an itemized statement of earnings and deductions (Department of Labor, 2012). The Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act also guide housing and transportation. The federal guide line ensures that housing and transportation provided meets federal and state guidelines with proper licensure and insurance which is enforced by the wage and hour division. The federal guidelines require records must be kept for at least three years which includes name, permanent addresses and social security numbers (Department of Labor, 2012). The Fair Labor Standards Act or (FLSA) requires that workers on large farms are paid minimum wage but they are excluded from overtime premium pay. The FLSA prevents children under the age of sixteen from working during school hours and working certain jobs deemed too dangerous. Children that are employed on their families’ farm are exempt from the Fair Labor Standards Act (Department of Labor, 2012). The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) require employers that want to use foreign temporary workers with H-2A visas get a labor certificate from the Employment and Training Administration. The certificate ensures that there are not enough able, willing and qualified United State workers available to do the work. The Immigration and Nationality Act standard of the H-2A program is enforced by the wage and hour division (Department of Labor, 2012). Recommend a plan to manage the HRM situation within the confines of the law. Justify your approach to your scenario to HR management. The human resource management plan the writer recommends would be based on performance. Job performance and task performance represents what an employee contributes to an organization that employs them. Migrant workers would benefit from this type of grading system if the work performance is factory based. Task performance is the product of employees performing actions leading to the production of raw materials into goods and services. Studies have been performed to show job performance management provides feedback and measurement improves employee performance leading to better organizational performance (Stewart, Brown, 2011). The writer believes migrant workers may show citizenship behavior. Employees often show citizenship behavior by going the extra mile for the company, volunteering for special projects, following organizational procedures even if they are not convenient for the employee and defending the business where the employee works (Stewart, Brown, 2012). The writer would focus on counterproductive behavior before it starts. Counterproductive behavior is behavior from an employee that is harmful to a business. An employee can exhibit two types of counterproductive behavior: 1) production deviance 2) property deviance occurs when employee sabotage equipment, destroys materials and products and misuse expense accounts. The counterproductive behavior can also be extended to gossiping about coworkers and showing favoritism. The writer would create a manual of policies and procedures explaining how this behavior is prohibited and have disciplinary consequences set in place if this behavior is exhibited. The writer would not use performance appraisals as much. The main goal would be to give feedback to an employee and listen to any problems they may be having. State how a competitive advantage may be gained by ensuring HRM practices meet the necessary employment laws. A competitive advantage can be gained by ensuring human resource strategies are followed. A company must have an employee handbook, benefits package, job descriptions and a payroll system in place to ensure human resource strategies are at an advantage to the company. The steps above can be followed also to keep in compliance with legal employment issues. Laws and regulations are important to ensure equal rights to disabled worker, employment eligibility for migrant workers with the use of an I-9 form, drug screening and work place harassment. A competitive strategy can lead to effective human resource department and a successful business (Managing Employees, 2012). Speculate what might happen if the situation was not handled in accordance with the appropriate employment laws. A business that does not follow employment laws can face state and federal criminal charges. A business can avoid costly law suits by following laws to ensure employees are treated fairly. A company’s compliance can save money that would be used to repair a damaged reputation. Specific laws protect employees from immutable characteristics such as sex, race, age and religion. Characteristics such as tattoos, nose piercings and long hair are not covered by federal and state laws. State laws can set a basis by not discriminating against marital status or sexual orientation and may not conflict with federal laws. The writer speculates that if state and federal discrimination laws are broken a company can face many damaging hardships (Stewart, Brown, 2012). References Cherry, Daniel (2012). Lawmakers Gearing Up for Immigrant Reform Battle Retrieved from http:www.mpbonline.org on November 18, 2012 Stewart, G., Brown, K. (2011). Human resource management (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons Managing Employees (2012). Retrieved from http:www.mississippi.org on November 18, 2012 Mississippi Wage and Hour Laws (2012). Employment Law Handbook, Retrieved from http:www.employmenthandbook.com on November 18, 2012 The Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection, (2012) Department of Labor Retrieved from http:www.dol.gov on November 18, 2012

The Effects Of Violence In Media On Society Today Essay -- essays rese

Is societies violence the media’s fault? This is the question that has been asked since before television was in every American’s house. Of course there are the different types of media today ranging from newspapers, to on-line reports and stories. There have been arguments upon arguments about this issue, and over 3,000 studies conducted. Unfortunately there isn’t one single result, there is only an array of supposed answers to this undying question. CBS president, Howard Stringer is pointing to a different scapegoat for society’s violence. â€Å"I come from a country †¦ that puts a lot of American movies on and has more graphic violence within it’s live drama on the BBC than anywhere else, and there is a lot less violence in the United Kingdom than there is here. There are 200 million guns in America, and that has a lot to do with violence.† He feels it has to do with gun control, which others have suggested. But there are so many violent acts, that one can’t focus on the guns, just like one can’t focus on the media. David Phillips, one of the men we discuss later put it perfectly, â€Å"It’s like watching rain fall on a pond and trying to figure out which drop causes which ripple.†There have been many studies conducted on the effects of violence on children, and on the effects on society as a whole. There have been about 3,000 studies performed on this topic. Two of the most prolific studies were the UCLA Television Violence Monitoring Report, and the Mediascope, Inc. test sponsored by the National Cable Television Association. Of course there were many other studies done, but these made headlines because of their results. The UCLA study focused on all of the television media, and discovered some interesting facts from their study. Prime Time Series raised the least concern. Theatrical films raised more concern and had a lot more violence. The Saturday morning cartoons had mixed reviews. 23% of the cartoons raised concern, but that was only rating the most popular cartoons: Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, X-Men, etc. They termed the action in cartoons as â€Å"Sinister Combat Violence† which basically means the whole story line leads to violence.Mediascope, Inc. focused on the amount and context on cable, effectiveness of rating systems and parental advisories, and the success of anti-violent messages. They found that perpetrators go unpunished in 73% of all viole... ...ciety. And when we read about violence, it only reinforces what we know.† People have become used to seeing violence on television, but this has become somewhat surreal to them. They don’t think of it as reality until it happens to them. â€Å"When violence happens to people or their family, they become eyewitnesses to this violence. They have personal experiences – compassion sensitivity, fear. People haven’t lost that.†We have covered a huge amount of information about the effect of violence in media on society. Did we answer the question though? I don’t think we did, but I do think that the answer is making progress. We are also a lot more informed now of what exactly is in the media right now, and what studies have shown to be happening. There has always been an issue of something effecting society, and there will always be a plentitude of scapegoats. What is the actual answer though? No one seems to have it. There is a lot of gray area, but society seems to be making this more of a black and white issue. Will the government ever really take action? Does action need to be taken? Hopefully after reading this, one is more educated on the difficulty in answering these questions.

Brain Abnormalities and Schizophrenia

The real etiology of schizophrenia is still a dream despite massive studies on the involvement of the brain. Studies of the brain through neuroimaging have revealed that frontal cortex, temporal lobe, and sub cortical structures are involved. Some of abnormalities in the brain of schizophrenic patients include enlarged ventricles, reduced volume of frontal cortex, temporal lobe cortex, and sub cortical structures like com/psychology-exam-3/">hippocampus and amygdala. These abnormalities have been persistently reported in schizophrenic patients and this shows that they are not functioning inadequately.Some of these abnormalities are present at the start and some even before the onset of psychosis and this is in support of neurodevelopment of theory of schizophrenia. The key neurotransmitter in schizophrenia is dopamine; however, there are others such as serotonin and glutamate which are also thought to play a role. Schizophrenia is an inherited condition, although genetic research has not come up with a clear conclusion on this matter may be because of the complexity of genetic involvement.Despite the fact that brain abnormalities are still not very clear in schizophrenia, the evidence is continuously pilling and this is driving towards a complicated disease of the brain network that is affected by genetically mediated developmental abnormality. Introduction Neuropathologists have been involved in research on schizophrenia for about hundred years. Despite the length of the research, the neuropathogy of the disorder is still not clear.Although they have made some steps in their quest since the beginning when they believed that it was a functional psychosis without structural basis, the main cause of the chronic disorder is still illusive. With the technological advancement in science, researchers have come to a common finding in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and the common finding is brain abnormalities. These discoveries have made the researchers to wond er if the cause of schizophrenia is brain abnormalities and how the abnormalities arise.Despite recovery of some brain abnormalities in patients suffering from schizophrenia, most scientists maintained that some of the abnormalities realized are quite slight and some of them are not common in all schizophrenic patients and to occur exclusively in people with schizophrenia. Although these patients have structural pathologies in their brains, the developed abnormalities do not coincide with the disease duration. Some of the abnormalities realized remain the same throughout the development of the disease (Bhogal, 2002).Understanding of the abnormalities of the brain in schizophrenia is among the challenges currently facing the medical community. The numerous symptoms associated with schizophrenia points at the involvement of various regions of the brain or even a widespread of network or system. Conventional approaches of neurological disorders such as lesion studies or post mortem exa minations have defied efforts to understand the brain pathology in schizophrenia. Just like other fields of medicine, luck and destiny have help make major steps in discoveries like dopamine theory and anti psychotics which are used in the management of the disorder.Modern research in neuroscience such as neuroimaging has aided in improving the foundation knowledge of the disorder and has sustained the hope that complete understanding of the disorder will be realized in the future. In this paper, I am going to summarize the major brain abnormalities found in schizophrenia through neuroimaging (Haren, 2004). Just like other complicated diseases, there are numerous theories on schizophrenia as compared to facts. The initially neurodevelopment theory points at abnormalities in fetal brain development as the cause of the failure of brain functions in early adulthood.A series of information such as increased rate of obstetric complications, minor physical abnormalities, neurologic mild s igns, and slight behavioral abnormalities in children who later suffer from schizophrenia. This model is quite relevant to the development of schizophrenia in particular but also for other neuropsychiatric disorders (Bhogal, 2002). The major drawback of this model is that the prevalence of these signs in the non affected population is quite substantial therefore the positive predictive value in the development of schizophrenia is not convincing.The disease usually begins at adolescent or early childhood and early adulthood and this indicates brain maturational problem during that time or before the appearance of psychosis. Excessive synaptic or dendritic pruning during the time of onset of the disorder has been suggested as one of the potential mechanism explaining the onset of psychosis in adolescent or in early childhood, although the biology underlying this stage is still not very clear (Lawrie & Abukmeil, 1998).Neurodegenerative model is based on active biologic processes th at may be going on during the prodromal period or the usually prolonged period of untreated psychosis. Development of the disorder is also linked to environmental factors such as illicit drug use and psychosocial stress which are considered as potential secondary triggers which may be accompanying the beginning and the start of schizophrenia. The initial researchers believed that schizophrenia is associated with brain pathology.Emergence of imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography scanning (CTS) have seriously contributed to the detailed study of the brain. Through computed tomography brain abnormalities such as enlarged ventricles and reduced total brain volume have been reported in schizophrenic individuals and these findings were later confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (Bhogal, 2002). Studies of the brain structures have also been made easy through improvement in segmentation techniques coupled with the use of MRI.These techniques can be used to identify grey from white matter and measuring of their volume. These also contributed to a more focused investigations of specific regions of the brain such as temporal, frontal lobes, and subcortical structures. Some of the consistent findings in these regions include alteration in structures such as hippocampus, amygdala, superior temporal gyrus, and platinum temporale (Lawrie & Abukmeil, 1998).Lateral temporal neocortical areas where primary auditory and auditory associations are located are the places of interest in schizophrenia since they are involved in thought processes. Most of the studies in the superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenic patients have always discovered reduced volumes of grey matter in the initial stages of the disorder together with those individuals who are genetically at risk of developing schizophrenia such as offspring of schizophrenic patients.Other structures of the brain which have also been reported to be abnormally small in schiz ophrenic patients include medial temporal structures such as hippocampus, amygdala, and parahippocampus gyri. These structures are also reported to be altered in other psychiatric disorders like mood disorders and post traumatic stress disorder (Lawrie & Abukmeil, 1998). Injuries sustained at the time of birth such as anoxia may be associated to hippocampus reduction and this is possibly due to neurodevelopmental abnormality.The finding is also common among concordant twins who had birth injuries. Medial temporal volume reductions have been discovered in people who are genetically at risk of developing schizophrenia. Reductions in the grey matter in the temporal regions of the brain have also been observed in people who are classified as having prodromal features of schizophrenia who have later on developed psychotic symptoms during the follow up (Haren, 2004). The highly developed region of the brain in man is the frontal lobe.It is involved in the modulations of higher brain f unctions such as planning, attention, and working memory. Behavioral and cognitive deficits like lack of motivation, defects in executive functions, Wisconsin card score sorting test and spatial working memory points at frontal lobe functional abnormalities in schizophrenic patients (Lawrie, 1999). Decreased blood flow to the frontal lobe is a common finding in schizophrenia. Despite the fact that this finding is not consisted, it can also be attributed to the complex nature of the region, it has been observed though quite slight.Basal ganglia which contain caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are involved in information processing in the cortical and subcortical networks involved in integration of cognition, emotion, and motor function. These structures have been reported to be enlarged in patients using the conventional antipsychotics and this can lead to a conclusion that dopamine blockades causes an increase in volume of the above structures. Psychosis patients who have not use d any antipsychotics are reported to have a smaller caudate volume which implies that caudate may be involved in the development of psychoses.Thalamus acts as the regulatory board for sensory signals and has reciprocal connections to the frontal lobe. It has been suggested that the connections between these two structures are associated with schizophrenia. Thalamus is a bit difficult to measure using MRI, although the findings are inconsistent, smaller thalamus have always been reported in schizophrenic patients. Other anatomic abnormalities in schizophrenia include corpus callosum which is altered both in shape and structure therefore disruption in the integration between the hemispheres.In most humans, brain functions are lateralized with the left cerebrum being dominantly involved in language. There are proposals that developmental abnormalities of language, peculiar functions of the human beings, and its lateralization which is genetically mediated may be one of the causes of sc hizophrenia (Bhogal, 2002). Temporal lobe findings of smaller superior temporal gyrus and hippocampus have been reported to be in the left cerebrum and loss of normal asymmetry of the left superior temporal gyrus being a bit larger that the right has been reported in patients suffering from schizophrenia (Staal et.al, 2000). In the meta analysis study of laterality in schizophrenia, the researchers who were involved in this study concluded that there is a strong proof for decreased cerebral lateralization in schizophrenia more so in the language cortex. We can therefore summarize that structural imaging studies have discovered evidence of extensive anatomic alterations in the brain regions of schizophrenic patients.The regions highly altered in these patients include those mediating higher mental functions like thought, cognition, effect, and language both early in the illness and those at risks of developing the disorder like children born to schizophrenic patients (Haren, 2004). S ynapses and susceptibility genes Neuroimaging studies are in support of the possibility of neurodevelopmental abnormality in schizophrenia, neuronal, molecular, and neurochemical mechanisms underlying these brain abnormalities are not conclusive.High profile neuropathologic studies have revealed losses in synapse density and relatively normal or elevated neuronal numbers in schizophrenia, which indicates that the main defect may be synapse integrity. This discovery has elicited search for genes that may be associated with synapse integrity by the use of DNA microarray techniques. Post mortem findings on the patients with schizophrenia revealed under expression of a family of synapse related genes (Bhogal, 2002). Genetic factors are the main factors listed as being associated with schizophrenia, however the exact genes involved in susceptibility is still a puzzle.Although the initial studies on finding these genes was not successful, current studies have implicated several genes in t he development of schizophrenia and some of the genes include dysbindin-1, neuregulin-1, d-amino acid oxidase, its activator DAOA, and the regulator of G protein signaling 4. Recent proposals indicated that synapses, especially glutamatergic ones might be the site of initial abnormalities in schizophrenia with downstream disruption of neural circuitry and subsequent effect on other neurotransmitters (Lawrie, 1999). ConclusionsIt has become clear that the early scientists were right in their suspicion that the brain is involved in schizophrenia. This evidence cannot be disputed despite the fact that there is no comprehensive information on the etiology and pathophysiology of the disorder. The brain abnormalities in schizophrenia appear to be distributed in extensive areas supporting the fact that schizophrenia is a disorder associated with brain connections. We are still very far from understanding some of the major neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.The mo lecular, physiologic, and neurochemical mechanisms underlying schizophrenia continues to evade our findings. Recent research on the disorder acts as the foundations for future fundamental discoveries on the nature of schizophrenia. References: Bhogal, B. (2002). Physical Brain Abnormality a Possible Cause of Schizophrenia. Retrieved on May 6, 2010 from http://serendip. brynmawr. edu/bb/neuro/neuro02/web1/bbhogal. html Haren, N. E. M. (2004). Brain abnormalities in schizophrenia: longitudinal and genetic aspects.Quebec: s. n. Lawrie, S. (Jan. 4, 1999). â€Å"Risk Of Schizophrenia Onset Linked To Brain Abnormalities. † The Lancet. Lawrie, S. M. & Abukmeil, S. S. (1998). â€Å"Brain abnormality in schizophrenia. A systematic and quantitative review of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies. † The British Journal of Psychiatry 172. Staal, G. S. et. al. (2000). â€Å"Structural Brain Abnormalities in Patients With Schizophrenia and Their Healthy Siblings. † American Journal of Psychiatry, 157.