Timeline 1800-1859 African American History and Women

[Previous] [Next] 1800 1801 1802 †¢ Ohio Constitution adopted, outlawing slavery and prohibiting free blacks from voting †¢ James Callendar accused Thomas Jefferson of keeping as his concubine, one of his own slaves -- Sally Hemings. The accusation was first published in the Richmond Recorder. †¢ (February 11) Lydia Maria Child born (abolitionist, writer) 1803 †¢ (September 3) Prudence Crandall born (educator) 1804 †¢ (January 5) Ohio passed black laws restricting rights of free blacks 1805 †¢ Angelina Emily Grimke Weld born (abolitionist, womens rights proponent, sister of Sarah Moore Grimke) 1806 †¢ (July 25) Maria Weston Chapman born (abolitionist) †¢Ã‚  (September 9)  Sarah Mapps Douglass  born (abolitionist, educator) 1807 †¢ New Jersey passes legislation restricts the right to vote to  free, white, male citizens, removing the vote from all African Americans and women, some of whom had voted before the change 1808 †¢ (January 1) importing slaves to the United States became illegal; about 250,000 more Africans were imported as slaves to the United States after slave imports became illegal 1809 †¢ New York began recognizing marriages of African Americans †¢ African Female Benevolent Society of Newport, Rhode Island, founded †¢ Fanny Kemble born (wrote about slavery) 1810 †¢ The Congress bans employment by the U.S. Postal Service of any African Americans 1811 †¢ (June 14) Harriet Beecher Stowe born (writer, author of Uncle Toms Cabin) 1812 †¢ Boston incorporates African American schools into the citys public school system 1813 1814 1815 †¢ (November 12) Elizabeth Cady Stanton born (antislavery and womens rights activist) 1816 1817 1818 †¢ Lucy Stone born (editor, abolitionist, womens rights advocate) 1819 1820 †¢ (about 1820) Harriet Tubman born a slave in Maryland (Underground Railroad conductor, abolitionist, womens rights advocate, soldier, spy, lecturer) †¢ (February 15) Susan B. Anthony born (reformer, abolitionist, womens rights advocate, lecturer) 1821 †¢ New York state abolishes property qualifications for white male voters but keeps such qualifications for African American male voters; women are not included in the franchise †¢ Missouri removes the right to vote from African Americans 1822 †¢ Rhode Island removes the right to vote from African Americans 1823 †¢ (October 9) Mary Ann Shadd Cary born (journalist, teacher, abolitionist, activist) 1824 1825 †¢ Frances Wright purchased land near Memphis and founded Nashoba plantation, buying slaves who would work to buy their freedom, become educated, and then when free move outside the United States †¢ (September 24) Frances Ellen Watkins Harper born in Maryland to free black parents (writer, abolitionist) 1826 †¢ Sarah Parker Remond born (anti-slavery lecturer whose British lectures probably helped keep the British from entering the American Civil War on the side of the Confederacy) 1827 †¢ New York State abolishes slavery 1828 1829 †¢ (1829-1830) when Frances Wrights Nashoba plantation project failed, amid scandal, Wright took the remaining slaves to freedom in Haiti †¢ race riots in Cincinnati resulted in more than half the African Americans in the city being forced out of town †¢ the first permanent order of African American Catholic nuns is founded, the Oblate Sisters of Providence, in Maryland 1830 1831 †¢ (September) men and women of the slave ship Amistad demand that the US recognize their freedom †¢ (-1861) Underground Railroad helped thousands of African American men, women, and children to freedom in the Northern states and Canada †¢ Jarena Lee publishes her autobiography, the first by an African American woman †¢ North Carolina bans the teaching of any slaves to read and write †¢ Alabama bans preaching by any African Americans, free or enslaved 1832 †¢Ã‚  Maria W. Stewart  begins series of four public lectures on religion and justice, advocating for racial equality, racial unity and standing up for rights among African Americans. †¢ Female Anti-Slavery Society was founded in Salem, Massachusetts, by and for African American women †¢ Oberlin College founded in Ohio, admitting women and African Americans as students along with white men 1833 †¢Ã‚  Lydia Maria Child  published  An Appeal in Favor of the Class of Americans Called Africans †¢ American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) founded, with four women attending,  Lucretia Mott  spoke †¢Ã‚  Lucretia Mott  and others founded the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society †¢ Oberlin Collegiate Institute opened, the first coeducational college and the first to accept African American students (later renamed Oberlin College) †¢Ã‚  Sarah Mapps Douglass  founded a school for African American girls in Philadelphia †¢ in Connecticut, Prudence Crandall admitted an African American student to her girls school, reacted to disapproval by dismissing the white students in February and, in April, reopened it as a school for African American Girls †¢ (May 24) Connecticut passed a law forbidding the enrollment of black students from outside the state without the permission of the local legislature, under which Prudence Crandall was jailed for one night †¢ (August 23) Prudence Crandalls trial began (see May 24). The defense used a constitutionality argument that free African Americans had rights in all states. The judgment went against Crandall (July 1834) but the Connecticut Supreme Court reversed the lower courts decision, though not on Constitutional grounds. 1834 †¢ (September 10) Prudence Crandall closed her school for African American girls in the face of harassment †¢ Maria Weston Chapman began her work as an abolitionist -- shes known for her work with the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society †¢ New York absorbs African American schools into the public school system †¢ South Carolina bans teaching any African Americans in the state, free or enslaved 1835 1836 †¢ Angelina Grimkà © published her antislavery letter, Appeal to the Christian Women of the South and her sister  Sarah Moore Grimkà ©Ã‚  published her anti-slavery letter, Epistle to the Clergy of the Southern States †¢Ã‚  Lydia Maria Child  published her  Anti-Slavery Catechism †¢ Maria Weston Chapman published  Songs of the Free, and Hymns of Christian Freedom †¢ (-1840) Maria Weston Chapman edited the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society annual reports, titled  Right and Wrong in Boston †¢ Fannie Jackson Coppin born (educator) 1837 †¢ William Lloyd Garrison and others won the right of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society, and for the Grimke sisters and other women to speak to mixed (male and female) audiences †¢ Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women held in New York †¢Ã‚  Angelina Grimke  published her Appeal to the Women of the Nominally Free States †¢Ã‚  Charlotte Forten  born (educator, diarist) 1838 †¢ Angelina Grimke spoke to the Massachusetts legislature, the first woman to address an American legislature †¢ Grimke sisters published  American Slavery as It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses †¢Ã‚  Helen Pitts  born (later, the second wife of Frederick Douglass)   †¢ (and 1839) Philadelphia Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women met in Philadelphia 1839 †¢ (-1846) Maria Weston Chapman published  Liberty Bell †¢ (-1842) Maria Weston Chapman helped edit  The Liberator  and  Non-Resistant, abolitionist publications †¢ women permitted to vote for the first time at an annual convention of the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) 1840 †¢Ã‚  Lucretia Mott,  Lydia Maria Child, and Maria Weston Chapman were the executive committee of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society †¢ World Anti-Slavery Convention in London would not seat women or allow them to speak;  Lucretia Mott  and  Elizabeth Cady Stanton  met over this issue and their reaction led directly to organizing, in 1848, the first womans rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York †¢ Abby Kelleys new leadership role in the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) led some members to secede over womens participation †¢ (-1844)  Lydia Maria Child  and David Child edited  Anti-Slavery Standard 1841 1842 †¢ Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin born (journalist, activist, lecturer) †¢ Maria Weston Chapman organized the Anti-Slavery Fair in Boston 1843 †¢Ã‚  Sojourner Truth  began her abolitionist work, changing her name from Isabella Van Wagener †¢ or 1845 (July 4 or 14)  Edmonia Lewis  born 1844 †¢ Maria Chapman became an editor on  National Anti-Slavery Standard †¢ Edmonia Highgate born (fundraiser, after the Civil War, for the Freedmans Association and the American Missionary Society, for educating freed slaves) 1845 †¢ or 1843 (July 4 or 14)  Edmonia Lewis  born 1846 †¢ Rebecca Cole born (second African American woman to graduate from medical school, worked with  Elizabeth Blackwell  in New York) 1847 1848 †¢ (July 19-20) Womans Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York, included among its attendees Frederick Douglass and other male and female antislavery activists; 68 women and 32 men signed the  Declaration of Sentiments †¢ (July)  Harriet Tubman  escaped from slavery, returning repeatedly to free more than 300 slaves 1849 1850 †¢ (around 1850) Johanna July born (cowgirl) †¢ Fugitive Slave Act passed by Congress †¢ (January 13)  Charlotte Ray  born (first African American woman lawyer in the United States and the first woman admitted to the bar in the District of Columbia) †¢Ã‚  Hallie Quinn Brown  born (educator, lecturer, clubwoman, reformer, Harlem Renaissance figure) †¢Ã‚  Mary Ann Shadd  and her family, free blacks, moved to Canada to avoid capture and enslavement under new US policies and laws †¢ Lucy Stanton graduated from Oberlin Collegiate Institute (now Oberlin College), the fist African American woman to graduate from college †¢ (1850-1852)  Uncle Toms Cabin  by  Harriet Beecher Stowe  ran as a serial in  National Era 1851 †¢Ã‚  Sojourner Truth  gave her Aint I A Woman speech to a womens rights convention in Akron, Ohio, in reaction to male hecklers †¢Ã‚  Harriet Tubman  made her first trip back to the South to help members of her family to freedom; she made a total of 19 trips back to help slaves escape 1852 †¢ (March 20)  Uncle Toms Cabin  by  Harriet Beecher Stowe  published, in book form, in Boston, selling more than 300,000 copies the first year -- the books success in highlighting the evils of slavery prompted Abraham Lincoln later to say of Stowe, So this is the little lady who made this great war. †¢ Frances Wright died (writer about slavery) 1853 †¢ Mary Ann Shadd Cary began publishing a weekly,  The Provincial Freeman,  from her exile in Canada †¢ Sarah Parker Remond tried to integrate a Boston theater and was hurt when a policeman pushed her. She sued the officer and won a $500 judgment. †¢ Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield appeared at the Metropolitan Opera, New York, and later that year performed before Queen Victoria 1854 †¢Ã‚  Francis Ellen Watkins Harper  published  Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects  which included an anti-slavery poem, Bury Me in a Free Land †¢ Katy Ferguson died (educator; ran school in New York City for poor children) †¢Ã‚  Sarah Emlen Cresson and John Miller Dickey, a married couple, found Ashmun Institute, to educate African American men; this later becomes Lincoln University 1855 †¢ Maria Weston Chapman published  How Can I Help to Abolish Slavery 1856 †¢ Sarah Parker Remond hired as a lecturer for the American Anti-Slavery Society 1857 †¢ Dred Scott decision of the Supreme Court declared that African Americans were not US citizens 1859 †¢Ã‚  Our Nig; Or Sketches from the Life of a Free Black  by Harriet Wilson published, the first novel by an African American †¢ (June) Sarah Parker Remond began lecturing in England, Scotland, and Ireland for the American Anti-Slavery Society. Her lectures on slavery probably helped keep the British from actively entering the American Civil War on the side of the Confederacy. †¢ (October 26)  Lydia Maria Child  wrote to Governor Wise of Virginia, regretting the action of John Brown but asking for admission to nurse the prisoner. Published in the newspaper, this led to a correspondence that was also published. †¢ (December 17)  Lydia Maria Childs response to a Mrs. Mason, who had defended the Souths caring attitude towards slaves, included the famous line, I have never known an instance where the pangs of maternity did not meet with requisite assistance; and here at the North, after we have helped the mothers, we do not sell the babies. [Previous] [Next] [1492-1699] [1700-1799] [1800-1859] [1860-1869] [1870-1899] [1900-1919] [1920-1929] [1930-1939] [1940-1949] [1950-1959] [1960-1969] [1970-1979] [1980-1989] [1990-1999] [2000-]

Analysis of the Arab Spring Essay - 2303 Words

In late 2010, a Tunisian named Bouazizi set himself on fire in protest against the poor economic situation in which he was living (CNN, 2011). Other Tunisians soon took the opportunity to resist their government and possible overthrow the leadership of Ben Ali. They took it as their responsibility to fight for the common good. Simple demonstration against the Tunisian government soon went ahead to an extent that Ben Ali had to leave the country. The events that followed the departures of the Tunisian president were the least expected. The revolts in Tunisia spurred citizens of other Arab nations to revolt against their governments. By the end of the years 2011, the Arab spring had claimed the presidency of three long serving presidents and†¦show more content†¦Before them was a whole generation of limited opportunities and deprived rights. Their calls for reforms were, however, hampered by the police and security agencies. Most individuals who were involved in the protests were led by the belief that it was through the protests that they could better their lives. The majority of the Egyptian citizens have felt down, trodden and despised over the recent years by their governments. Most governments were revolts were witnessed had stayed in power for a long period of time. In Egypt, for example, Mubarak had stayed in power for more than 40 years. Removing him from powered through democratic means had borne no fruits since most presidential elections had been marred by instances or rigging and corruption. He had therefore instituted himself as a president for life. One aspect of Mubarak’s governments was that it was dictatorial. Besides, the people surrounding Mubarak were so powerful that talking negatively about the president could easily lead an individual into trouble. The government of Mubarak initiated several techniques aimed at restoring normalcy and preventing protests. 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Assignment Of Comparing Market Structure - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: 1. a) Explain what barriers to entry mean. b) Give three examples of barriers to entry and explain how they act as barriers to entry. 2. Compare the market structures of Perfect Competition, Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly under the following headings (About 250 words). number of firms in the market similarity of the products sold barriers to entry 3. Explain the term Non-price competition and which two market structures experience it the most. 4. State which market structure you think each of the following businesses belong to. Explain your choice. Answer: Answer 1 a) Barriers to entry refer to various obstacles new firms face from entering into market of a new business or industry. This might be due to existent of monopoly competition or higher start up cost. b) Common barriers to entry operating in market economy are: Government Regulation: When government regulates output of certain sector such as defense, it is not possible for new firm to enter into production. Higher start up cost or fixed cost: Most common problem faced by new entrants is the higher cost of starting up the production that stops them. Tax benefits to existing firm: Lower tax rate on existent firms creates differences in the production cost as the new firm happens to incur higher cost due to no tax benefit implied on it. Answer 2 Perfect Competition: It is a type of market that has enormous buyers and sellers operating in the market. Number of firms is infinitely many. This makes the firms price taker and every agent has complete information of the market price (Foster, 2014). The products sold in such market are absolutely similar or homogenous and can act as perfect substitute of each other. Consumers as well as producers are rational in their choice and decision-making. There exists no barrier to entry or ext the industry under such market. Monopoly Competition: Here only one seller is ruling the market supply amidst the existence of large number of buyers. One seller hence there is no difference in the features sells the products. Monopolists are the sole price taker. Barrier to entry is higher in monopoly markets. Monopolistic Competition: Number of sellers are few compared to only one monopolist in the monopoly market. Many sellers make the market supply with low market power but their products are differentiated (Nikaido, 2015). The products are not perfect substitute of each other making the competition imperfect. Few barriers to entry and exit are present in the short run and over long run, they vanishes. Oligopolistic Competition: Handful number of seller dominates the market supply. They can form cartels or collusion and act as single price take and enjoying market power like a monopolist. Products sold can be homogenous or differentiated (Scitovsky, 2013). Barriers to entry or exit are high in such market mostly because of government regulation like licensing or presence of economies of scale. Answer 3 Non-price completion refers to the competition based on the other factors of the product produced in specific market other than price. It can be attributes or features of the product, advertisement cost undertaken by the producers or any customer service related dimensions. Monopolistic competition and Oligopolistic competition are the two markets where non-price competition is visible. Answer 4 Coles Supermarket in your city Oligopoly market since Coles is one of the two market share holder of the Australian grocery market business along with Woolworth. McDonalds Restaurant in your city Oligopoly market since it is one of the biggest burger seller besides KFC and Burger King both domestically and internationally. Metro Trains in Melbourne and Sydney Trains Oligopoly market since the metro trains are run by the joint venture among MTR Corporation(60%),John Holland Group(20%) andUGL Rail(20%). It is a form of cartel taking place in oligopolistic market. National Australia Bank- Monopoly market since government is the only owner of it who made every decision about its operation and functions. Academies Australasia Polytechnic Public organization run as part of Academies Australasia Group run by the national government. It is one of the famous polytechnic education providers besides Melbourne Polytechnic and so on hence the market structure for this is oligopolistic. A small stall in one of Melbourne/Sydneys Sunday markets that sells souvenirs such as wallets, caps, tee-shirts, key chains- perfect competition since enormous stalls like that can be installed in the Sunday markets and one such firm is simply facing perfect competition in presence of many buyers, many sellers and similar kind of products. A car workshop or hair salon in your city- Many hair salons can be present in a city. They provide services similar though the quality and pricing may vary. This leads to presence of monopolistic market in the car workshop or hair salon shop. Iphone and Samsung in the mobile phone industry- Monopolistic competition will prevail because both of the product deliver similar utility of mobile phone services but the difference in their features are present. Iphone Samsung are the two big brands among few big sellers of mobile phone enjoying larger consumer base. Answer 5 Diagram A Diagram B The diagram A is applicable to define the demand curve facing perfect competition. Perfect competition appears in a market, which has many buyers, and many sellers operating in the market structure and transaction made around similar goods having no difference on both the price and non-price basis. This makes the firms face completely elastic demand where for one unit change in price the demand changes infinitely. At given price consumers are willing to buy infinite units but if price rises by small level, and then the consumption would fall to zero making the elasticity infinite. On the other hand, the downward sloping steep demand curve is faced in the monopoly market where price responsiveness is lower and demand is inelastic (Dunne, Klimek, Roberts Xu, 2013). Since supply in such market is limited only in the hand of the monopolist, he can charge any price higher than the market price and for one unit change in price demand would not fall that much because the goods are essentia l to be consumed or the limited supply in presence of more demand allows consumers to pay higher price. = 1/dp/dq * p/q [dp/dq= slope of the demand curve] For perfect competition, e= (perfectly elastic demand) leading dp/dq=0 that makes the demand curve sloped horizontal. For monopoly market, e Reference Dunne, T., Klimek, S. D., Roberts, M. J., Xu, D. Y. (2013). Entry, exit, and the determinants of market structure.The RAND Journal of Economics,44(3), 462-487. Foster, J. B. (2014).The theory of monopoly capitalism. NYU Press. Nikaido, H. (2015).Monopolistic Competition and Effective Demand.(PSME-6). Princeton University Press. Scitovsky, T. (2013).Welfare Competition(Vol. 103). Routledge.

Macbeth Character Essays - Characters In Macbeth, Macbeth

Macbeth Character Macbeth committed many devilish crimes and he bribed men to do his murderous schemes. He used the power he had against other men to get what he wanted. Macbeth wanted to rule Scotland and when he was in command, if he was worried about someone or something, he made sure everything was taken care of to keep his mind at rest. He had regrets when he killed Duncan, but none of his sins evaded his mind, and he remained happy during the time he reigned as king. The only thing that he absolutely feared was Macduff and his own death. Macbeth used two men to accomplish his sin of killing Banquo and Fleance. Macbeth wanted Banquo and Fleance dead because Macbeth did not want any of Banquo's descendants to acquire his position after he died. To turn the men against Banquo, Macbeth said that it was all Banquo's fault that they were poor and did not have anything else to live for. "That it was he in the times past, which held you/ So under fortune." (3.1.117-118) Macbeth keeps telling them how mean, selfish and heartless Banquo was. He made the men believe that Banquo was their rival. "Both of you/ Know Banquo was your enemy." (3.1.131-132) Macbeth asks the men if they forgive Banquo for what he has done, to test their loyalty towards Banquo. "To pray for this good man and for his issue,/ Whose heavy hand hath bowed you to the grave." (3.1.99-100) Macbeth can divert the mind of a person with his performance. Macbeth wanted to rule Scotland and if anything got in his way, he was sure to get rid of it, no matter what it took. When Duncan was king, Macbeth killed him to acquire his reign. When Banquo suspected Macbeth of killing the king, Macbeth was worried that Banquo might find who really killed Duncan. Macbeth hired two men to kill Banquo. Macbeth also killed the family of Macduff because Macbeth was scared of him. "The castle Macduff I will surprise/ Seize upon Fife, give to th' edge o' th' sword" (4.1.171-172) Macduff was his opponent. Macbeth knew Macduff could kill him in an instant. Macbeth had his regrets after he killed King Duncan. When he killed Banquo, his ghost haunted his conscience by making Macbeth regret killing his human form. At the time that Macbeth killed Macduff's family, Macbeth had no regrets what so ever. Macbeth never though twice about the killings, because Macduff was unfaithful to his king. After Macbeth killed Duncan, Macbeth wished he had not murdered him. "To know my deed ?twere best not know myself./ Wake Duncan with thy knocking." (2.3.93-94) Once Macbeth was accustomed with murdering people, he did not have any regrets. There were only two things that really made Macbeth worry and made him scared, those being his own death and Macduff himself. Macbeth was terrified of dying for he wished to be King of Scotland forever. One other reason why he was afraid of his death was that the witches predicted that Banquo's descendants would become king, and the line of kings would be long. Macbeth believed that he would live forever he trusted the witches which also told him that he would never be harmed until Birnam Wood climbed Dunsinane Hill and only a person who was not born from a woman could kill him. The reason that Macbeth was afraid of Macduff was because Macbeth knew that he was the real person who killed the king. Also, Macduff was gone to England to get the British army to fight Macbeth. Macbeth was scared of Macduff because he was able and strong enough to kill him and everyone was on the side of Macduff, since no one agreed with Macbeth's ways anymore. Finally, Macbeth was very cruel and mean. He was an evil man who could go to any length to be in control. He used men to work, accomplishing his schemes, and was scared of nothing but death and his opponent. He did not have any regrets. Macbeth was very machiavelinious. He had all the characteristics of a Machavellian man. He was undoubtfully the man with the most devilish schemes.