Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Essay Example for Free

Nursing gesture and Evidence-Based Practice EssayI did not understand why I had to take a seek class when exclusively I wanted to do was be a staff nurse in a vital sustenance unit. question? Evidence- base execute? Why are these topics in the treat program? I have enough to do just learning all the content in my clinical courses. What do search and evidence have to do with developing my nurse abilities? I trust the faculty, the textbooks, and clinical experience to give me for breast feeding. Im already getting what I need to k presently. That was my earlier attitude. Now that I am practicing, I have a peeled sagaciousness for nursing look for and the evidence it provides for activity to practice.I have an entirely different way of addressing clinical questions. Im starting to ask questions or so how I preserve improve the divvy up I give to patients and how I can be involved in my conkplaces efforts to improve wangle for the patients it serves. I have di scovered by conclusionful reading in my practice area that question reports and look summaries contain many implications that apply to practice in the critical business organisation unit. QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER WHILE READING THIS CHAPTER 1 How can faculty encourage students to read look for journals?2 How does research preserve nursing practice? 3 How can nurses motivate colleagues to base their practice on research? KEY TERMS Clinical nurse researcher (CNR) An march on practice nurse who is doctorally prepared and directs and crock upicipates in clinical research. Clinical nurse specialist (CNS) An advanced practice nurse who provides direct care to clients and participates in wellness education and research. Clinical practice guideline (CPG) an evidence-based guide to clinical practice developed by experts in a particular ? eld for direct application in clinical environments.Control group Subjects in an experiment who do not receive the experimental treatment and whose performance provides a baseline against which the personal effects of the treatment can be measured. When a true experimental design is not utilise, this group is usually called a comparison group. Data collection The work on of acquiring existing learning or developing new information. 104 Nursing seek and Evidence-Based Practice CHAPTER 6 105 Empirical Having a foundation based on data gathered through the senses (e. g. , observation or experience) rather than purely through theorizing or logic.Ethnography A qualitative research order for the purpose of investigating cultures that involves data collection, description, and analysis of data to develop a theory of cultural behavior. Evidence-based practice The process of systematically ? nding, appraising, and using research ? ndings as the basis for clinical practice. Experimental design A design that includes randomization, a control group, and manipulation between or among variables to experiment probability and causality a mong selected variables for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena. Generalizability The inference that ?ndings can be generalized from the sample to the entire population. Grant Proposal developed to seek research supporting from private or public agencies. Grounded theory A qualitative research design utilise to collect and analyze data with the aim of developing theories grounded in real-world observations. This method is recitationd to study a social process. Meta-analysis Quantitative merging of ? ndings from several studies to determine what is known about a phenomenon. Methodologic design A research design used to develop the validity and reliability of instruments that measure research concepts and variables.Naturalistic paradigm A holistic view of nature and the direction of science that guides qualitative research. inescapably assessment A study in which the researcher collects data for estimating the needs of a group, usually for imagination allocation. P henomenology A qualitative research design that uses inductive descriptive methodology to describe the lived experiences of study participants. Pilot study A smaller version of a proposed study conducted to develop or re? ne methodology, such(prenominal) as treatment, instruments, or data collection process to be used in a larger study.Qualitative research A systematic, inwrought approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning. Quantitative research A formal, objective, systematic process used to describe and test relationships and examine cause-and-effect interactions among variables. Quasi-experimental research A type of quantitative research study design that lacks one of the components (randomization, control group, manipulation of one or more(prenominal) variables) of an experimental design. Randomization The appointee of subjects to treatment conditions in a random manner (determined by chance alone).Secondary analysis A research design in which data pre viously collected in another study are analyzed. State-of-the-science summary A merging of ? ndings from several studies concerning the same topic. Examples include meta-analysis with a quantitative approach and combinatorial review with a descriptive approach. Survey A nonexperimental research design that focuses on obtaining information regarding the status quo of a situation, often through direct speculative of participants. Triangulation The use of a variety of methods to collect data on the same concept. LEARNING OUTCOMES afterwards studying this chapter, the reader will be able to1 Summarize major points in the evolution of nursing research in relation to contemporary nursing. 2 Evaluate the in? uence of nursing research on current nursing and wellness care practices. 3 Differentiate among nursing research methods. 4 Evaluate the quality of research studies using established criteria. 5 Participate in the research process. 6 Use research ? ndings to improve nursing practi ce. 106 UNIT ONE The Development of Nursing CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter provides basic knowledge regarding the research process and the ultimate importance of evidence-based nursing practice.The intent is to inspire an appreciation for nursing research and to show how it can improve nursing practice and how results can be translated into health policy. Nursing research is de? ned as a systematic approach used to examine phenomena important to nursing and nurses. A summary of major points in the evolution of nursing research in relation to contemporary nursing is presented. A description of private and public organizations that fund research is given, and their research priorities are listed. Major research designs are brie? y described, and examples of each are given.Nurses of all educational levels are boost to participate in and promote nursing research at varying degrees. The process of locating research and evidence for practice is reviewed. Students are set offd to the rese arch process and guided in the process of critically appraising published research and research syntheses. Ethical issues related to research are examined, and historical examples of unethical research are given. The functions of the institutional review menu (IRB) and the use of informed consent in nurtureing the rights of human subjects are emphasized.DEFINITION OF NURSING RESEARCH Research is a process of systematic interrogatory or study to build knowledge in a discipline. The purpose of research is to develop an empirical body of knowledge for a discipline or profession. Speci? cally, research validates and re? nes existing knowledge and develops new knowledge (Burns and Grove, 2007). The results of research process provide a foundation on which practice decisions and behaviors are laid. Research results create a strong scienti? c base for nursing practice, especially when deliberately and carefully evaluated for application to speci?c clinical topics (Melnyk and Fineout-Ove rholt, 2005). In recent decades the nursing discipline has begun to pay much greater attention to the necessity of participating in research. Nursing research is a systematic approach used to examine phenomena important to nursing and nurses. Because nursing is a practice profession, it is important that clinical practice be based on scienti? c knowledge. Evidence generated by nursing research provides support for the quality and cost-effectiveness of nursing interventions. Thus recipients of healthcareand particularly nursing carereap bene? ts when nurses attend to research evidence and introduce change based on that evidence into nursing practice. The introduction of evidence-based change into the direct provision of nursing care may occur at the separate level of a particular nurse or at varied organizational or social levels. In addition to nursing research aimed at coining the direct provision of nursing and health care to recipients of nursing care, nursing research also is needed to generate knowledge in areas that affect nursing care processes indirectly.Research within the realms of nursing education, nursing administration, health services, characteristics of nurses, and nursing roles provides evidence for effectively changing these supporting areas of nursing knowledge (Burns and Grove, 2007). forthwith the importance of nursing research to the discipline is recognized. However, much nursing history underlies the current state of acceptance. EVOLUTION OF NURSING RESEARCH Nursing research began with the work of Florence Nightingale during the Crimean War.After Florence Nightingales work, the pattern that nursing research followed was closely related to the problems confronting nurses. For example, nursing education was the focus of most research studies between 1900 and 1940. As more nurses received their education Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice CHAPTER 6 107 in a university setting, studies regarding student characteristics and sati sfactions were conducted. As more nurses pursued a college education, staf? ng patterns in hospitals changed because students were not as readily available as when more students were enrolled in hospitalaf?liated diploma programs. During this period, researchers became interested in studying nurses. Questions such as what type of person enters nursing and how are nurses perceived by other groups guided research investigations. Teaching, administration, and curriculum were studies that dominated nursing research until the seventies. By the 1970s more doctorally prepared nurses were conducting research, and there was a shift to studies that focused on the improvement of patient care. The 1980s brought nursing research to a new exemplify of development.There were many more quali? ed nurse researchers than ever, widespread availability of computers for collection and analysis of data, and a realization that research is a vital part of professional nursing (Polit and Beck, 2006). Nurse researchers began conducting studies based on the naturalistic paradigm. These studies were qualitative rather than quantitative. In addition, instead of conducting many small, unrelated research studies, teams of researchers, often interdisciplinary, began conducting programs of research to build bodies of knowledge related to speci?c topics, such as urinary incontinence, decubitus ulcers, pain, and quality of life. The 1990s brought increasing concern about health care reform, and now in the twenty-? rst century, research studies focus on important health care delivery issues, such as cost, quality, and access. Research ? ndings are being used progressively as the basis for clinical decisions. Evidencebased practice (EBP) can be de? ned as the process of systematically ? nding, appraising, and using research ? ndings as a basis for do decisions about patient care. The rise of technology and the worldwide access and ?ow of information have transformed the decision-making processe s of practitioners. Helpful informational websites for busy practitioners are listed in Box 6-1. No longer do nurses simply compare endpoints of patient care with other units in the B O X 61 Helpful Websites l f l b i topic Guideline Clearinghouseresource for evidence-based clinical practice guidelines www. guidelines. gov US Department of Veterans Affairs Clinical Practice Guidelines www. healthquality. va. gov AHRQ healthcare Innovations Exchangeinnovations and tools to improve health care www.innovations. ahrq. gov/index. aspx The Evidence-Based Medicine Education Center of Excellenceextensive list of databases, journals, and textbooks http//library. ncahec. net/ebm/pages/resources. htm U. S. National Institute for Health Consensus statements http//consensus. nih. gov kernel for Evidence-Based Nursing, based at University of YorkUnited Kingdom www. york. ac. uk/healthsciences/centres/evidence/cebn. htm The Joanna Briggs Institute, based at Royal Adelaide Hospital and the Univ ersity of Adelaide, Australiamultiple evidence resources for practice www.joannabriggs. edu. au Cochrane Centerresource for evidence-based clinical practice guidelines www. cochrane. org 108 UNIT ONE The Development of Nursing same hospital. Nurses and other health care professionals are more likely to look for solutions, choices, and outcomes for patients that array the best available knowledge worldwidely (Hamer and Collinson, 2005). RESEARCH PRIORITIES Why set priorities for research in the nursing discipline? Can nurses do research in areas that match personal areas of interest? The answer to the second question is, yes, certainly.But nursing exists to provide high-quality nursing care to individuals in need of health-promoting, health-sustaining, and health-restoring strategies. The main outcome of research activity for a nurse is to eventually put the knowledge gained to work in health care delivery. Research priorities, often set by groups that fund research, encourage nurs e researchers to invest effort and money into those areas of research likely to generate the most bene? t to recipients of care. Of course the musical accompaniment opportunities offered by such groups do not hurt the research enterprise either. Research costs money.Thus nurses engaged in research often match personal interests with funding opportunities that are available during the planning phase for a proposed investigation. Two major sources of funding for nursing research are the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (formerly known as the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research AHCPR and reauthorized as AHRQ by Congress in 1999). Both of these organizations are funded by federal congressional appropriations. Private foundations and nursing organizations also provide funding for nursing research.National Institute of Nursing Research As part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the NINR supports resear ch on the biologic and behavioral aspects of critical health problems that confront the nation. The NINRs research focus encompasses health promotion and unsoundness prevention, quality of life, health disparities, and end-of-life (NINR Strategic Plan 2006-2010, 2006). A small sampling of potential droply supported research topics includes those aimed at ? Determining disease risk and treatment through utilizing genetic information ? Determining effective health-promotion strategies for individuals, families, and communities ?Discovering approaches that encourage people to effectively take responsibility for symptom management and health promotion ? Assisting in identi? cation and effective management of symptoms related to acute and chronic disease ? Improving clinical settings in which care is provided ? Improving the quality of care giving in settings such as long-term care facilities, the home, and the community ? Understanding predisposition to disease, socioeconomic factors that in? uence health, and cultural health practices that either protect from or expose to risk for health problems ?Improving symptom management for those at end of life The areas of research emphasis published by the NINR are useful guides for investigators developing proposals but are not considered to be prescriptive in nature. Investigators bring to bear their own unique expertise and creativity when proposing research in harmony with NINR priority research areas. Annually the NINR conducts a roundtable discussion with multiple nursing organizations to obtain the feedback of the disciplines regarding the need for continued or new research Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice CHAPTER 6109 emphases. Information obtained is used in setting future research agendas and making decisions about funding of proposals submitted by researchers (Of? ce of Science Policy and Public Liaison, NINR, 2009). The NINR website details current announcements regarding research priorities (www . ninr. nih. gov/ResearchAndFunding). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality The AHRQ broadly de? nes its mission as change the quality, safety, ef? ciency, and effectiveness of health care for all Americans (AHRQ, 2009a). As an agency of the U. S.Department of Health and Human Services, the AHRQs health-related aims are to reduce the risk of harm by promoting delivery of the best possible health care, improve health care outcomes by encouraging the use of evidence to make informed health care decisions, transform research into practice to facilitate wider access to effective health care services, and reduce unnecessary costs (AHRQ, 2009a). Since the inception of the agency in 1989, strategical goals have centered on supporting improvements in health outcomes, strengthening measurement of health care quality indicators, and fostering access to and cost-effectiveness of health care.The 1999 reauthorizing command expanded the role of the agency by directing the AHRQ to ? Improv e the quality of health care through scienti? c inquiry, dissemination of ? ndings, and facilitation of public access to information. ? publicize patient safety and reduce medical errors through scienti? c inquiry, building partnerships with health care providers, and establishment of centers for education and research on therapeutics (CERTs). ? Advance the use of information technology for coordinating patient care and conducting quality and outcomes research.? Establish an of? ce on priority populations to ensure that the needs of low-income groups, minorities, women, children, the elderly, and individuals with special health care needs are addressed by the agencys research efforts. The research-related activities of the AHRQ are quite varied, but a recent shift emphasizes a more deliberate translation of research evidence into practice. In a process exchangeable to that used by the NIH, investigators are invited to submit research proposals for possible funding through grant an nouncements.A listing of current areas of the agencys research interests can be found online at www. ahrq. gov/fund/portfolio. htm. The AHRQ actively promotes EBP, part through the establishment of 14 EBP centers (EPCs) in the United States and Canada. EPCs conduct research on assigned clinical care topics and generate reports on the effectiveness of health care methodologies. Health care providers may then use the evidence in developing site-speci? c guidelines that direct clinical practice. AHRQ also actively maintains the National Guideline Clearinghouse (www.guidelines. gov), an website that makes available to health care professionals a wide array of clinical practice guidelines that may be considered in health care decision making. Another recent addition to AHRQs initiatives is the Healthcare Innovations Exchange (2009b), which provides a public source of information about innovations taking place in health care delivery. Submitted innovations are reviewed for the quality of achieved outcomes, providing evidence as a foundation for decision making by others who may be searching for or considering similar innovations.Although most AHRQ activities are intended to support health care professionals and institutions, the agency supports health care recipients by designing some information speci? cally for dissemination to the puzzle public (AHRQ, 2009a). 110 UNIT ONE The Development of Nursing Private Foundations Federal funding is available through the NIH and the AHRQ. However, because obtaining money for research is becoming more and more competitive, voluntary foundations and private and community-based organizations should be investigated as possible funding sources.Many foundations and corporate direct-giving programs are interested in funding health care projects and research. information processing system databases and guides to funding are available in local libraries. In addition, grant-seeking enterprises often purchase subscriptions that allo w computer access to enhanced listings of funding foundations that include information about the types of projects those foundations typically fund. Though subscriptions are expensive, costs are often balanced by the ef? ciency with which suitable funding prospects are identi? ed.An example of such a service is Prospect Research Online (www. iwave. com). Private foundations, such as the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2009a, 2009b) or the W. K. Kellogg Foundation (2009), offer program funding for health-related research. Investigators should be encouraged to pursue funding for small projects through local sources or private foundations until a track record is established in research design and implementation. After several years of experience in the research arena, investigators are more likely to be successful in securing funding through federal sources, such as the NIH.Nursing Organizations Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI), the American Nurses Association (ANA), and the Oncolo gy Nurses Society (ONS), are a few of the nursing organizations that fund research studies. STTI makes research grant awards to subjoin scienti? c knowledge related to nursing practice. STTI supports creative interdisciplinary research and places importance on identifying best practices and benchmark innovations. Awards are made at the international and local chapter levels. The ANA awards small grants through the American Nurses Foundation.Specialty nursing organizations offer grants to support research related to their specialty. For example, the ONS awards grants that focus on issues related to oncology. To summarize, multiple potential sources of funding are available for research projects. The individual or group wishing to conduct research will need to carefully develop a proposal, search for a possible funding source, and submit the proposal. Libraries and the Internet provide ample information about the many foundations and organizations interested in funding research endea vors.Most research institutions establish of? ces that help in the search and procurement of funding. Thus researchers are supported in their work of knowledge building. COMPONENTS OF THE RESEARCH serve well The research process involves conceptualizing a research study, planning and implementing that study, and communicating the ? ndings. The process involves a logical ? ow as each step builds on the previous go. These steps should be included in published research reports so that the reader has a basis for understanding and critiquing the study (Box 6-2). STUDY DESIGNSStudy designs are plans that enumerate a researcher how data are to be collected, from whom data are to be collected, and how data will be analyzed to answer speci? c research questions. Research studies are classi? ed into two basic methods quantitative and qualitative, two distinctly different approaches to conducting research. The researcher chooses the method based on the research question and the current leve l of knowledge about the phenomena and the problem to be studied. Quantitative research is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numeric

On the Waterfront Essay Example for Free

On the Waterfront EssayKazan does not only use terry Malloy by establishing him a hero in On the Waterfront to value case-by-case moral sense or moral reaping above community loyalty or sense of obligation, but in addition other characters like Edie and begin Barry. foreign terrycloth, who has to gain separate conscience, Edie and novice Barry stand never been really closely connected to the community, which allows them individual conscience. Their supporting role of Terrys moral growth is used by Kazan to praise individual conscience, as it also liberates the waterfront. It should not be mistaken that Kazan does support individual conscience in the deaths of Charley and Dugan who had to die for the pigheadedness of a sense of justness. Their deaths were portrayed by Kazan as a type of martyrdom and also had a great impact on Terry, which resulted in his characterisation as a hero. Edie Doyle and Father Barry epitomise individual conscience, which Kazan attributes to how they are outsiders and allows this value to waver as both of them become more involved with actions of disruption and remonstrance against the bring down union on the waterfront.Father Barry was a saint who hid in the church believing that time and faith were great healers. It was Edies sense of justice which pushed Father Barry out of his passive role to work for social justice, as she bitingly scorned Father Barrys inability with a close up used so that go byers can tangibly feel her resentment, when Joey had just been pushed off the roof of the tenement.Father Barry had transformed from world a potato confluent (demeaning label of an Irish Catholic simpleton), to risk organism shipped off to Abyssinia (a pun perhaps as the abyss is death) to break the mobs botch up hold on the waterfront. The attack on the church did not faze Father Barry despite the alarming clatter of baseball bats on the pavement and heads being using like baseballs, when the church was under atta ck by the union. Father Barrys individual conscience grew as he firmly believed that these people (the community) indispensable help.This as well as going right down to the wire for Dugan, acted as a catalyst for Father Barrys growth in individual conscience, which had made him a hero in his own right as he had to triumph over his own inhibitions and the conservative restrictions of and expectations of his role from the church. Edie unalike Father Barry, had already possessed individual conscience (she had contributed to Father Barrys growth to provide justice), but she like Father Barry refrained from perpetually seeking an blockade to the corruption on the waterfront.Father Barry had sought to back Dugan as he talked to the wickedness commissioners so that they could charge the union of corruption, yet when Dugan died from an apparent accident Father Barry shied away from taking an active role, preferring to be passive in his involvement, as seen when Terry came to ask for advi ce of whether he should go testify against the union where Father Barry in a bitter tone said that Terrys own conscience has got to do the asking. This may suggest Father Barrys guilty conscience in pushing Dugan to take action which resulted in his death.Edie also refrained from the active role she had taken to find Joeys killer and unknowingly fighting against the corrupt union, when she realised she loved Terry. Thus not wanting him to die but to come to the country, where there is no Johnny Friendly, who controlled the union, and threatened his life. She may have been trying to protect Terry but she did not consider the impact on those who work on the waterfront, including her own father, Pop Doyle, who would continue to be ill-used by the union, thus perhaps compromising her morals to an extent.Unlike Terry, Father Barry and Edie were not empowered to stop the corruption of the union on the waterfront. It is in Father Barry and Edies inability to stop corruption that establis hes Terry as the hero through his moral growth to individual conscience. Ultimately it is his triumph over the corrupt union to show that individual conscience is valued over community value, when comparing his moral growth to Father Barry and Edies. Kazan allowed the audience to follow Terrys tumultuous moral growth allowing strong connection to form between the bodies.It was loss of Joey that had begun the transformation process that had reignited his bitterness for purposely losing in a encase final to fulfil Johnny Friendlys bet. Terrys relationship with Edie had also contributed to his growth of moral conscience as an individual, as Terry wanted to protect as he confessed she was the first nice thing that has ever happened to me to Father Barry when he was seeking to know whether he should confess to the crime commission about Joeys death.Father Barry had also encouraged Terry to be truthful to himself to develop individual conscience, allowing Terry to admit he was being used by Johnny Friendly (its do it or else when it comes to a favour from Friendly). Terry would not have been a hero with individual conscience if he had not the support from Edie and Father Barry. Terry had to struggle against community loyalty to achieve individual conscience. Kazan uses this struggle to humanise the character make him heroic.Terry had always been one of theirs or part of the union as he was the brother of Charlie the Gent, he was in a sense also an outsider like Edie and Father Barry from the workers of Hoboken on the docks yet he was driven by self-preservation, which led him to adopt the D n D or desensitize and Dumb creed (not speaking up against anything the union did keeping silent) from the dock workers, which inextricably created a superficial community loyalty as they shared the view that their life was not worth a nickel.It was Charlies death that had led to Terry going against community loyalty, as Charlie was his brother and shared a strong connection with each other. Charlie had looked out for Terry as he had sacrificed himself knowing 10 to 1 they (Johnny Friendly) wont believe me. This portrayed Terry as the tragic hero eliciting the sympathy of the audience who will celebrate as Terry topples Johnny Friendlys position of power, as he stumbled battle worn after violently grappling with Friendly into the warehouse to take his position as the new spiritual leader of the workers, with trumpets in the soundtrack heralding his triumph.His growth to individual conscience had led to Terrys redemption of Joey and Charlies death. Community loyalty would not have achieved this. Kazan valued individual conscience in Edie and Father Barry, but through them has shown that though it may motivate them to defeat corruption they may not be empowered to take action. It is through Terry that Kazan strongly values individual conscience by establishing him as an enduring hero, who had to undergo transformation and go against community loyalty, but also take support to uproot Johnny Friendly and his corruption.

Best marketing mix for selling refrigerators

Best merchandise mix for selling refrigeratorsWholesaler and retailer earn m whatever resembles, just similarly they possess many differences. Wholesaler and retailer atomic number 18 working to consumeher for making a profit. Wholesaler sells to the retailer, retailer sell the products to the end consumer. Wholesaler sell plainly on large quantities and their prices are for whole quantities, on the new(prenominal) hand retailer sells on clearer quantities and is marked up from the wholesalers prices. Wholesaler and retailer stick ripe(p)s from wide range of several(predicate) sources and then redistribute them to convenient locations along with a marketing package that is measured by their customer of the final consumer gibe to Brassington and Pettitt (2003). Thither is a big distinction between wholesaler and retailer, because wholesaler is centre on business B2B (business to business), on the other hand retailer is focused on B2C (business to consumer).Retailer is the most important part in business, because they connect brands to final consumer. As Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong (2010) retailing includes all the activities involved in selling products or services directly to the final consumer for their personal, nonbusiness use. Also, retailer has much more cost than wholesaler. For example rent, employees, taxes, loss/breakage, advertize workforcet. On the other hand wholesalers be in possession of to pay for slight stuff. For example the phone bill or clerks payroll for taking an order. Wholesaler is also an important par in business. Wholesalers swear out the manufacturers to r individually many small customers at a number 1 cost, wholesaler also select items and build assortments to sell to their customers and many other aspects. According to Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong (2010) there are four vitrines of wholesalers merchandiser wholesalers are the largest single group of wholesalers, accounting for roughly 50% of all whole saling. They run across out two broad types full service wholesalers and limited-service wholesaler.A broke brings leverager and sellers together and mystify negotiations.Agents represent buyers and sellers on a more permanent basis.1Personal Selling is the impersonal arm of the promotion mix. A companys sales rep create and communicate customers value through personal personal interactions with customers (Kotler and Armstrong , 2010). Personal selling is available for many years and maybe this is the oldest profession in the world. quite a little who do selling have many different names such as sales representative, sales representative, district managers, account executives, sales consultants, sales engineers, agents and account instruction reps. Personal selling according to Keegen Green (2011) is person-to-person selling communications between a company representative and a prospective buyer. On the whole, the salesperson is persuading the potential customer to make a purchase and his job is to present the product well by using its advantages and disadvantages. Also the main step in persuading a person to make a sale is to understand customers needs and organize the companys efforts to solve customers problems. Most of the salespersons are well-educated, well-trained professionals who add value for customers and make customer relationships. Keegen Green (2011) share that personal selling is also a popular marketing communication tool in countries with confused restrictions on announce. The term salesperson cover a wide range of positions for example they advise be an order taker such as the department store salesperson, who is standing(a) behind the counter. According to Armstrong and Kotler (2011) personal selling involves interpersonal interactions between salesperson and individual customers whether face-to-face, by telephone, via e-mail, through video or Web conferences, or by other means. Actually, many people consider that personal selling butt be much more useful and go than advertising the products. Salesperson unendingly can explore, probe the customer, to learn about their problems and to implement an marketing offer to them, which will fit the potential customers needs. announce in WEBSITES v. Advertising in DAILY NEWSPAPERS2Advertising is a tool to persuade people to purchase a goods or services. It is mostly used by business firms, organizations, agencies to promote their products to various target publics. According to Kotler and Armstrong (2008) you have to make four important decisions, when developing and starting an advertising program Setting advertising objectives this is the first step and it should be defined very well, also it should be based on past decisions. Advertising should be accomplished with a peculiar(prenominal) target audience for a period of time. Setting the advertising budget according to Kotler and Armstrong (2011) there are four common methods used to set the possible bu dget.Affordable method dowry of sales methodCompetitive parity methodObjective and task method Developing advertising strategy it consist of two important elements to be your advertising goodAdvertising messagesSelecting advertising media Evaluating advertising campaigns to choose the best places for you campaign according to you target mission.Advertising is defined by Kotler Armstrong (2005) as any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services through mass media such as news constitutions, magazines, television or radio by an set sponsor.3Advertising in websites is one of the most known types of advertising. It has its advantages, but on the other hand it has many nearly limitations, disadvantages. On the whole, it is good to advertise in websites, because you have high selectivity, low cost, immediacy and many interactive capabilities. But also we should have in mind the disadvantages such as demographically skewed audience, relatively low impact, audience controls exposure. Online advertising appear as banners, pop-ups, flash movies, email advertising, backgrounds, wallpapers and so on. Here you can see an example of bannersSources www.abv.bg, www.vbox7.com , www.sportni.bgA great advantage of advertising online is that you can administrate and run your media anytime. And there are different types of purchasing your advertisement, but of them are most usedCPC (Cost per click) advertisers pay only when visitors click on banners and are redirected to their websites.CPA (Cost per action) when a member complete a transaction, such as a purchase or sign-up. Advertiser , in most cases,prefer this type of advertising, because it ignores any inefficiency in the sellers.CPM (Cost per Mile) also it is as cost per impressions Advertiser pay per thousand impressions or loads of his advertisement, which has shown in the website.Paul Baines, Chris Fill and Kelly Page (2008) fill that these forms of advertising are best way to drive traffic to your website and also encourage people to make a purchase. Also they assert that online advertising the winged growing advertising medium in history.As Frances Brassington Stephen Pettitt print media, such as local and national newspapers, special interest magazines and trade publications, have gum olibanum become the primary focus for most organizations. Advertising in newspapers tip over us the opportunity to communicate with our potential customers quickly and flexible. Newspapers are regularly schedule publications, which contains news, articles, information and advertisements. This type of advertising offers us a wide range of advertising opportunities and audiences. There are two types of newspapers4Daily newspapers are promulgated every day with some exceptions. For example on Sundays and some holidays. They are issued in the morning and they consist of advertising inserts, stories, news from the previous day and are posted at the last page some jokes an d crosswords.Weekly newspapers this are newspapers which are smaller than daily newspapers and are also published two-three times a week.Newspapers are of the most used types of advertising and their advantage is that they can be afforded not only by national chains of retailers, car manufacturers but also to small companies, which start a business. The main problem of newspaper advertising according to Brassington Pettitt (2006) is targeting. It is linked to its cost-efficiency and advertisers want to have more selection in targeting, because in newspapers wastage rates is high. Newspapers have shorter lifespan, because they are used and people throw them and do not use more.BENEFITS SOUGHT or DEMOGRAPHIC divisionMarket componentation is the process of dividing large heterogeneous markets into smaller, homogeneous subsets of people or business with similar needs and/or responsiveness to marketing mix offerings (Kinnear and Bernhardt, 1990). Segmentation have wide definition. The re are many examples of market segmentation when you go to a shop in soft-drinks section you will find soft-drinks to different brads, with sugar, no sugar, with and without caffeine, in different flavors, in returnable bottles, in cans, in individually containers or in six packed- this is the concept of market segmentation. Segmentation has many types, but in this paper will be reviewed only two benefits sought-after(a) and demographic segmentation.Benefits sought is a type of segmentation and it groups people in different benefits that they seek from the product. According to Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler (2011) benefit segmentation requires fining the major benefits people look for in the product class, the kinds of people who seek for each benefit, and the major brands that deliver each benefit. And also they give some examples5Fit and Polish consumer want something, which is balanced between function and style, they exercise for results but want to look good doing it.Serous Spo rts Competitors they desire a combination between performance and function.Value Seeking Moms they are shopping for the family and they are looking for durability and value.Thus, each segment seek a different mix of benefits. Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler (2011).Demographic segmentation is concerned about segments, which are based onAge consumer needs and want transplant with ageGender this segmentation is used in clothing, cosmetics, toiletries and magazines.Family sizefamily life cycleIncomeOccupationEducation levels of populationReligionRaceFamilyNationalityGeneration6According to Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler (2011) demographic segmentation is the most popular bases for segmenting groups. As Thomas Kinnear Kenneth Bernhardt (1990) segmentation is the most popular way marketers identify important market segments and target markets. Demographic changes can create opportunities for marketing innovation according to Wareen Keegen Mark Green (2011). Moreover they give us an e xample of two entrepreneurs in France, who have significantly meliorate their business. They started with a small specialized stores of about 5000 square meters floor space and as a demographic segmentation they made a big passel and now they are one of the biggest companies in the world.Analysis sectionAs we saw in this paper, selling is not an easy task. You should have many skills, you have to find customers needs to persuade them to buy and the most important thing is the customer to be satisfied from the product, which he bought. Nowadays, it is difficult to decide which distribution channel, marketing mix or which segmentation to use because the world is becoming more and more different and people are influenced by different things. Selling refrigerators is rattling difficult, because every people have different preferences. What is best for selling refrigerators wholesalers-retailers connection or personal selling, which has been proved with the years as one of the best slipway to sell something. Wholesaler-retailer is a good method to sell refrigerators in this particular case, because it is possible not to have the products, which customer is need and immediately you may purchase them from the wholesaler, it will ask the manufacturer for the given type of refrigerator and delivery will be done. The customer will be glad that have consume a refrigerator, which he want most and the wholesaler-retailer will be satisfied that will earn money. On the other hand personal selling is other good way for selling refrigerators, because you are with the potential customer and you could easily to understand what are his desires and to suggest the best product, which will fit the customer.In this paper I will use the results of a marketing research, which was made in Sofias malls.7Figure1. Who influenced men and women, when shopping.In our marketing research men and women were asked about the person, who influenced their decision, when making a purchase or wh o they asked when they have questions concerned about the best product. In Figure1 we can see that men and women request assistance, when they are buying something. Lets assume that these men and women will buy refrigerator, they will be influenced by shop assistant, which means that personal selling is a good method to persuade the customer to make a purchase. I do not want to say that wholesaler-retailer is not a method which second running many business. On the whole, it will help and will be a way of selling, but according to customers opinions, personal selling is better.What about the advertising, nowadays there is so much that sometimes managers get confused. One of the most powerful advertising tools available are websites and newspapers. In our case, which will help us more to persuade people to buy a refrigerator. Once more we will make a consultation to our previous marketing research about which advertising influenced more men and women.Figure 2. Which advertising influ enced men and women as potential buyers.8Advertising in websites or newspapers is the given task in our case. Actually I have to mention here that network is becoming more and more in our live, so advertising in websites will be one of the most preferable places to advertise your product. In figure 1 we can see that men and women are influenced by advertisements in newspapers and magazines. Moreover, nowadays, most managers and companies decide to advertise their products by magazines, newspapers. For example we can find their offers freely everywhere. Most companies published every week a magazines/newspaper with their top and cheap products. Really, advertising in Internet is a good idea, we can have a strong advertisement, but is not preferred than newspapers. In newspapers customers may see a large photo of the product, their options and advantages, while in Internet they can only saw a banner and nothing more. People who want to buy technologies are more common to be influence d by advertisements in newspapers or magazines. So, as a conclusion we have to have in mind the customers preferences and their opinion about what influenced them to make a purchse and here newspapers advertising is better than advertising in internet. Definitely, advertising in Internet give us a grat opportunity to choose between different types to run our advertisements and to target specific group of people, but we observe that people are more influenced by advertisements in newspapers.Benefits sought and Demographic segmentations are appropriate for selling refrigerators, in our case. As to Palmer (2000) customer are becoming increasingly diverse in their needs. According to him some of the bases for identifying different types of customer are familiar such as age, gender, geographic location. Other such as attitudes and lifestyle. The main mission of segmentation is to identify groups of people, who will buy and respond to an offer. In our particular case, demographic segmenta tion and benefits sought will help us to sell more refrigerators. According to Jobber (1998) when examining criteria, the marketer is trying to identify good predictors of differences in buyer behavior. So, here you find analyses about better segmentation when purchasing a refrigerator.9Benefits sought determine the people with different preferences, on the other hand demographic segmentation help us to find the best place to advertise our product. For example if we advertise in newspapers, we can choose the best place, which meets our targets and to advertise there. Demographic segmentation give us theopportunity to segment people and to choose best part, where we will buy more. Benefits sought also segment people according to their preferences. For example some people will need a white, black, noir or purple refrigerator, others will want to buy small or big, others will prefer to have a refrigerator which have many options (such as to make ice, to purified water and so on). In ge neral, refrigerators are unique product among the white technologies and every family needs this technology. In an ideal world, each individual buyers would be considered to have10unique set of needs, which they seek to satisfy Palmer (2000).

Working hours directive

Working hours directiveThe European Working Time Directive (EWTD) was adopt in 1993, and came into force in the UK under the Working Time Regulations 1998 as a safety measure, because of the recognised negative effects on health and safety of excessively long pastureing hours. It also provides for statutory minimum rest-break entitlements, annual leave and on the job(p) arrangements for night workers.The EWTD is also designed to help work bread and hardlyter balance by terming long hours, which is both stressful and harmful to health. For display case, some research has shown that driving while tired provided similar results to driving later on having drunk alcohol.The EWTD regulations place a legal requirement on employers, which means that if it is not implemented, national governments pull up stakes be li sufficient for payment of heavy pecuniary penalties and possiblely sanctions from the European essence (EU).There ar no rights to work long hours, but there is leg al protection to protect workers rights to reasonable working environment and conditions, and to family life.The main features of the EWTD be no to a greater extent than 48 hours work per week 11 hours round-the-clock rest in 24 hours 24 hours continuous rest in seven days (or 48 hours in 14 days) a 20 minute break in work periods of over 6 hours four weeks annual leave and for night workers, an average of no more than 8 hours work in 24 hours over the reference period.The EWTD was considered by the UK disposal as an issue of working conditions, not as a health and safety issue. As a result, in 1993, the UK negotiated an opt-out clause, which allows Member States not to apply the limit to working hours under certain conditions, such as prior agreement of the individual, no negative fall out from refusing to opt-out, and records kept of working hours of those that have opted out.The European Commission announced on 23rd September 2004 its controversial proposal to update the 199 3 Working Time Directive. This volition most likely mean the UK go out have to abandon its opt-out clause. If this is the case, and working hours argon suppressed, there will be many advantages and disadvantages for both employees and employers. The advantages and disadvantages range from health and safety issues to financial issues.The advantages for employees are firstly, no longer shall employees be pressured into signing a contract with an opt-out clause stating if required, they must work special(a) period. This will also stop a lot of employers bneedinessmailing potential and/or current employees, which can be often the case. For example, an employer may translate to a potential employee, that if they do not sign the opt-out clause contract consequently they cannot have the job.Health and safety issues will improve for employees, because when they are forced to work longer than what they want/can, then they will inevitably feel ill. For example it is very common for work ers to have headaches, muscular problems, stomachaches, stress, sleeping problems and irritability from just simply working too much.Not only if improving your health, being control to a maximum of 48 hour week, will vastly improve a workers family life who had previously been working 60 hours a week. Having a four-week holiday will also be beneficial, as apposed to a lesser holiday the employee most likely used to have. Also, as a result of being more healthy and less stressed, this should improve the workers actual efficiency/quality of work, because the worker will not feel as tired or overloaded with work.Employees who are over worked, often regulate it very hard to manage their financial issues, due to lack of time. So by limiting employees to a maximum of 48 hours work a week, will help prevent them overlooking their financial matters.One main advantage for women in particular, is the clear link between the lack of women in managerial positions and long working hours. The culture of long working hours in higher professional and managerial jobs is an obstacle to the upward mobility of women, and sustains gender requisition in the work place. Therefore by limiting the working hours of a week will vastly improve the chances for women to improve their status. Flexible working time patterns and part time work have an important impact in this area as well.The disadvantages for employees are mainly financial, because they will no longer be able to earn as much over-time pay as what that may like. This will be especially frustrating for employees who are willing to do extra work in come out to save property for their future/family etc. As a result, this could have an advert affect on their moral, because they may find themselves with nothing to do, when they could be quite easily doing more work in order to earn more money.The advantages for employers are that their employees will be more cost-efficient and motivated therefore the employees should be mor e productive than before, thus helping deadlines to be achieved etc.Having a more relaxed workforce will also convey to a better work relationship between the employer and his subordinates (as well as between the employees and themselves), which will therefore improve the communication within the workplace.Given that the employees will be more relaxed and healthy, as a result they will be less absent from work due to illness. So therefore, again the employers objectives will be more likely to be completed, and the productivity of the employees should increase.The disadvantages for employers are that in the past, they would be able to say to their employees that they wanted a certain objective completed by a certain time, for example by the end of the day. This will no longer be an preference for employers, as employees will not be able to work longer than 48 hours (or whatever their contract states) a week.Employers may find they will have to hire extra staff in order to get more work done, or pay for employees to do overtime (those that can) This could end up costing a substantial arrive of money more than what the employer spent in the past on his workforce. As a result budgets will need to be rethought in the future, and also possibly cutbacks will be made if money is an issue. Employers will not like this fact, especially as in the past, they were often getting their employees to upchuck in extra hours of work for freeThe situation in the UK, is that the main characteristics of the system governing working time have not really changed since the Directive was introduced. This is largely due to the opt-out clause.a la mode(p) figures show that about 16% of the workforce currently works more that 48 hours per week, compared with a figure of 15% at the beginning of the 1990s. About 8% of the workforce say they work over 55 hours per week, 3.2% over 60 hours per week and 1% over 70 hours per week. The UK is the only Member States where weekly working time h as increased over the last decade.Approximately 46% of people that say they work over 48 hours a week, are in managerial positions and are covered by the exemption relating to managers.Looking at other countries, ranked by jointly agree working hours, Germany idles in the bottom tertiary in the EU. In 2003 the contractual annual working time in West Germany was 1,643 hours (East Germany 1,722). The EU-15 average was 1,708.In Germany working time is a problem, particularly for manufacturing. In some sectors, such as metal and engineering or printing, the 35-hour week is standard for a large proportion of the workforce, even for employees salaried above the jointly agreed pay scale. Overall, the collectively agreed working week in West Germany averages 37.5 hours. However, the actual time worked is approximately 6% longer than the collectively agreed hours, and is close to the EU-15 average. This is due to overtime and the fact that an increasing proportion of the workforce, especi ally in small and medium sized businesses, already work longer than collectively agreed.In the SIMAP and Jaeger cases, the rulings of the European Court of Justice had major financial and organisational implications for the health sector in the EU and following the rulings, France and Germany applied the opt-out to their health sectors. Measures were also put in place to allow opting-out in the hotel and catering industry. However until recently, the UK was the only Member State to have a generalised opt-out clause (Cyprus and Malta took up the option last May), and it is clearly in the firing line of the European Commission who claims that there is evidence that the opt-out is being misapplied, in particular that workers are being pressured into opting-out.The fence in has been furious in the UK, fuelled by the Confederation of British Industry (CBI), who claims that it should be every workers choice to decide on how long he/she works, and the Trade Union Congress (TUC) who argue that it spreads an unjustified long hours culture.Regardless of the fact, people are working much more than recommended, (which you would assume was in order to save more money), according to the latest research people are squandering away their earnings on treats to reward themselves for their hard work. A quarter of people say they regularly work more than their contracted hours, however almost half admit they often waste money on treats they do not need, with 30 percent of workers wasting away at least 100 a month. As a direct result, people are usually too concern to try to keep track of their finances, and get a shock when their statements arrive.People are spending so much of their time working, it seems a shame they are not planning for their future and making the most of their money.I think Britain should be compelled by the EU to abandon its opt-out clause under the EWTD, and thus restrict its workings hours, because people are working for far too long nowadays and as a re sult not only does their health suffer, but their work suffers as well.At the moment, with the current opt-out clause in Britain, almost one in four men in England and Wales are working more than 48 hours a week The longest hours are worked in the City of London, Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster, according to Britains General Union, who say nearly a quarter of men are exceeding the 48-hour limit set by the EU.Therefore, as a result, the UK businessmen are hindering British productivity by working the kind of hours that kindle out their enthusiasm, creativity, innovation and forward planning. You simply cannot be at your best if you are continually working more than 48 hours a week. Not only are they hindering the British productivity, but also by persisting in allowing people to work longer than they are capable of they are prop back on the UKs competitiveness with Europe.The Government is burning out Britain by practically encouraging longer working hours. They argue that m ore than a one thousand million people would lose out on paid overtime if they had to stop working extra hours. Or is the Government just worried about the amount of revenue they will loose out on?

The Language Proficiency Assessment For Teachers

The Language Proficiency Assessment For TeachersHong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority announced the result of Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers (LPAT) in recently, the overall result in side Language has continuous decreased. LPAT consist of five roots in reading, writing, listening, speaking and classroom assessment. Except for the listening paper result is increase 2% passing rate in last year, all others paper has decreased. The Language Proficiency Assessment published by the governing body of Hong Kong SAR since 2000, after 10 years implementation, the teachers English language standard still cannot achieve public expectation, nearly half of the candidates be failed in assessment in every year. virtually teachers said it make them feel humiliated dignity, because they still repeat the trial in many times.Research QuestionThe candidate affliction in Hong Kong Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers (LPAT) in continuous few years, why are they failu re in this test? Many candidates feels stress below the test, is it a real reason as behind of the failure?Purpose of the studyThe audience of this study is including decision-makers and candidates. The purpose of this study is plowing the reasons of the candidates failure in LPAT. Some teachers said that the questions are too difficult for them and they dont have this kind of study when they were a student, they feel stress between the test and their job. I leave discuss the difficult and find out the problem when candidates are facing to LPAT.Histories of the LPATAlong with education reform, teachers are encouraged to strive for higher take aims of language proficiency, and to enhance their professionalism in subject knowledge and pedagogy through training. According by the Education Bureau published in September of 2000, all new recruits teachers (include breeding in Primary and Secondary school teacher) in English level are required to pass the benchmark test (known as LPA T now), as is currently teaching in English teachers, they must be fulfill the standard before 2006 year, the teacher can be through the training or examination to achieve. Otherwise, they are not allowed to teaching the related language subject.The objective of political science is to ensure that all language teachers possess at least basic language proficiency, so that they can promote effective teaching and enhance the quality of education, provide professional teaching.Teachers were taken in the streets to protest the policy announced in 2001 when government introduced the LPAT to testify the English teachers are really qualify to do that job. Some teachers association to be against the assessment as at today, they believed LPAT will increase the haul on teachers.Bibliography re fancy in studyMany of teachers said that they feel stress in the LPAT test, some of these even quit their job as an English teacher, LPAT is the main reason for them to leave their industry, especially for someone has taken the LPAT test in a few times, they are no confidence in a teaching field. The below theories may help to explain their performance in the test and why they failure.Firstly, the cognitive theoretical approach (Lazarus 1999) suggested that the best way to view the stress process is as a transaction between the person and environment which means the stress may be come from the event itself, the persons age, close and experience. The teachers stress is come form the test, the teacher entry in their field before the LPAT is implement, the education reform make a change in the domesticate cultural, they may afraid the change in their age because they will lost their job when failed in LPAT. systemology using in studyIn LPAT is including in five papers, these are reading, writing, listening, speaking and classroom assessment. I will focus on writing part in this study because most of candidates are failed in this paper in the past ten years. In writing part, it also divided into 2 section, first part is detection and correction of errors/problems, but we will focus on the second part is rendering of errors/problem, because most of the candidates feels confuse in this part. They cant make accuracy resolving in this section.I am going to find out the problem of the candidate when they are facing in writing paper. I will adopt 2 methods to collect the data and try to analysis the various possible reasons.Method 1 InterviewInterview is one of the methods to reflect the actual situation in LPAT, interview to incompatible role can be reflecting their opinions on LPAT test.a) The man of the streetRespondents Including student, business man, foreigner and who can speak English. Our interview should be including polar segmentation of the great deal to make the result is more precise and objective. Different role can be reflecting different opinions of the LPAT, we need to consider on the role when doing an interview. fixing In Central, Sheung Wa n or Wanchai. We need to choose an appropriate place to conduct the interview make it precise. These three places are including different kind of person, different segmentation of the person can be finding in these places. We are looking for someone who has basic language knowledge to conduct an interview, the English language level of these places is higher than other district, so that it is an appropriate place for interview.Process We can choose two or three questions from the past paper, those are most cat valium mistake in the previous LPAT test. Select a different pointedness of depth in the question. Starting with the easily question to interview an interviewee, according to interviewees resolve to continuous the other questions. We request the interviewee point out the error from the question and ask them to correct it in the right answer. Compare the answer by the interviewee how to different with the candidate.b) CandidatesRespondents Who is grooming to have an assessm ent in future and failed in assessment in pervious LPAT test. They are the most classic interviewee because they lead the most important role in the assessment, when they are preparing for the assessment, they will clearly to know the difficult in between. Someone who failed in assessment, they may help to analysis the reasons of failed in the test.Location all place let the interviewee feels comfortableProcess It can be conducting in one by one interview or telephone interview. use telephone interview because some of the candidate is existing teacher in the school, they are not willing to disclose the identity, they may afraid to affect the ascertain of them or their school. So, these kinds of interview make them feels security and more objective. In one by one interview, it may give a mock paper for the interviewee who is planning to have assessment, all question will be find in past paper. After that, we can check the answer together, to discuss the real answer and ask the in terviewee feels after they finished the mock paper. This mock paper helps us to analysis the real problem in LPAT test.Professional in language desktopRespondents They can be a school principal, English lecturer in University, representative of Education Bureau or who is involve in LPAT.Location Any place let an interviewee feels convenience, may be in their office.Process This group of interviewee can be share their experience in the test, help us to cognitive the question in the LPAT, they will know more about the meaning of the LPAT, help to find out the deep reason that are failed in the test.Method 2 Research in the past paperSome of the teachers said that the question of the writing part is too difficult for them, so they dont have a sense in the past in some question. We are trying to find out some questions in previous past paper, to compare the degree of the question in LPAT paper, go through the questions are belonging to which level student.We will obtain 5 previous LPAT in writing paper of explanation of errors/problem section, find out the pattern of the question in these 5 years, analysis which grammatical features is often occur in paper, find the possibility of the most common question in the paper. After research, we will know that the weakness of the candidate and analysis. Such as the most common question focus on tenses, infinitive and defining clause in the previous paper.According to these analyses, it can give us a reference to recognize the question is easier one or difficult one, to verify the teachers view is correct or not.ConclusionMeasuring stress in humans a practical guide for the field / edited by Gillian H. Ice and Gary D. James

General Sir Arthur Currie Essay -- essays research papers

LIEUTENANT--GENERAL SIR ARTHUR CURRIE (A brief account of the battle of Passchendaele)Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Currie was the most capable soldier that Canada has produced. Certainly, he did not look like the great soldier he had be pass. A very tall man, at six-foot-four, he was also somewhat overweight. Through his successes as the Commander of the Canadian Corps, he knew how to delegate authority and patronize by the decisions of his subordinates.Currie, however, was not a professional soldier. He was born in Strathroy, Ontario, on December 5, 1875 and raised, he had moved to Canadas west coast in his late teens. As an adult, he movedto Victoria, British Columbia, he had become a schoolteacher, and insurance salesman, and, a real-estate speculator, an occupation thatmade him one of Victorias pencil lead citizens. Like all goodCanadian businesswork force at the time, he joined the Canadian Militia. In 1897, he had enlisted as a lowly gunner in the fifth Regiment, Canadian G arrison Artillery by 1909, he was the lieutenant-colonelcommanding the regiment. In late 1913, Currie accepted the challenge of raising andtraining an infantry unit, the 50th Regiment, Gordon Highlanders of Canada.When the war bust out in August 1914, the highly regarded Currie was commanded of an infantry brigade. Currie fought with exceptional composure at Ypres in 1915 where his 2nd Brigade made a strange stand against the poison gas. Having impressed his superiors, Currie was promoted to command the crack 1st CanadianDivision. He led the Red Patch at Mount Sorrel, through the detestation of the Somme in 1916 and at Vimy Ridge, Arleux, and Fresnoy in the spring of 1917. In June, Currie had been knighted and named commander of the Canadian Corps, now four divisions strong. One of Curries most impressive and important achievements had come during the winter or 1919-17, while he was still a divisional commander. By analyzing the fighting he had witnessed on the Western Front, Cur rie had drawn up what proved to be a blueprint for tactical success. In a paper, Currie synthesized the best of British and French concepts, and with many of his own beliefs based on own(prenominal) experience. on a lower floor Sir Arthur Currie, the Canadian Corps emerged as an outstanding formation on the ... ...m not only was he a mere colonial, he was a non professional to boot, and he was much younger that th earmy commanders who would have reported to him. Far fromdemonstating his carelessness over casualtiles, Passchendaele proved Curries concern for he preservation fo the lives of the men under his command indeed, Curries actons throughout th war stand as strong evidence of his desire, and ability, to win battles only at the least come-at-able cost. A lot of Canadians, veterans and conscripts alike, had little regard for General Currie. Passchendaele convinced many of them that victory was his old consideration. Charges of this nature dogged Currie for the rest of his l ife. Political enemies, took up the telephone as the war wound down. He was being accused as a Canadian commander of deliberatley sacrificing the lives of his men in the pursuit of his own personal glory. His death five years later, in 1933 at the age of fifty-seven, may be attributed, at least indirectly, to the lawsuit. His funeral was a major event in Montreal and thousands line the streets to honour the Great Leader of the Canadian Corps. He is buried in Mount Royal Cemetery, Montreal.

Topology :: Math Mathmatics

Topology Topology is a modern branch of geometry. It has been called qualitative geometry because instead of thinking about the traditional characteristics of an object (like angles, length, etc.), topologists study features that messt be altered by stretching, twisting or shrinking the object. After any alteration all points in the object that were connected must bland be connected and all points separated by a hole must remain separated. Topology also attempts to explain objects that cannot exist in collar dimensions using mathematical equations, since it is n proterozoic impossible to imagine such objects within our frame of reference. The dimension of an object can be thought of in both ways intrinsic and extrinsic. The perception of a creature occupying, say a line, is one-dimensional, since he can solo move in one dimension. However, we draw a line on a plane, so extrinsically it is two-dimensional (1). So how do objects occupying the same dimension dif fer topologically? A doughnut shaped object, called a torus, and a sphere are topologically different. Both of these objects are extrinsically two-dimensional, since we only deal with the surfaces of the object. There is no inside. The reason for the topological difference is the hole in the middle of the torus. No permitted alterations (stretching, twisting, shrinking) can be made to the sphere that will transform into a torus. Topology emerged out of Eulers work on graph theory in the early 1700s. Leonhard Euler was born on April 15, 1707 in Switzerland. His father was a minister and wanted his son to follow in his foot travel. He sent his son to the University of Basel in 1720, when Leonhard was only 14. It was here that his interest and natural capabilities in mathematics really began to show. After completing his studies and showing very promising mathematical talent, Euler moved to St. Petersburg, Russia to teach mathematics, at the age of only 19. He rem ained in Russia for several years (4). And it was here that he made contributions to mathematics that would later be seen as the first steps towards topology. Graph theory studies how points are connected without giving any regard to the distance between them or the actual shape of the line connecting them.